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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate several concepts of inward and outward internationalization and their impact on export performance in the context of Malaysian manufacturing exporting firms. Design/methodology...
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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate several concepts of inward and outward internationalization and their impact on export performance in the context of Malaysian manufacturing exporting firms. Design/methodology/approach - Mail survey was administered to gather data from the Malaysian manufacturing firms that have been identified to have business export trading to the major oil and gas producer countries in the Middle East. A total of 120 respondents were received and further analysis was tabulated. Findings - Findings revealed that the outward internationalization is positively related to economic and non-economic measures of export performance. It indicates that an outward internationalization related to organizational capability has a major contribution to the export performance of Malaysian manufacturing and exporting firms. On the other hand, top management international orientation as an inward internationalization is negatively and significantly associated with economic measures, but not in the non-economic measures of the export performance. Research limitations/implications - The cross-sectional nature of this study may have limitations with respect to examining the direction and causality of some of the variables. The findings are limited to Malaysian manufacturing firms exporting to targeted markets. The significant of this study emanates from its expected theoretical implications to knowledge and practical implications to business and public organization. It lends support to the internationalization theory and contributes to a firm's performance and enhances their export marketing knowledge with useful implications for international and relationship marketing. Originality/value - The results support the proposition that internationalization of firms from emerging nations are dependent on learning, acquiring and applying the knowledge from other firms particularly from firms originating from advanced developed nations.
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In this paper, we summarize how internationalization research has evolved over time, where it stands today, and how it might evolve going forward. Specifically, we examine internationalization research from earlier times to the pr...
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In this paper, we summarize how internationalization research has evolved over time, where it stands today, and how it might evolve going forward. Specifically, we examine internationalization research from earlier times to the present day. We contrast the incremental internationalization characteristic of older multinational enterprises with the early, rapid internationalization of born global firms. The paper summarizes the evolution of research on early internationalization and born global firms, and provides evidence to suggest why this area now has attained legitimacy in scholarly research. We then examine important theoretical issues in born global research and suggest avenues for future research. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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This paper examines the effects of the family ownership with respect to the processes of firm internationalization: internationalization pace, internationalization scope, and internationalization rhythm. Using longitudinal data (2...
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This paper examines the effects of the family ownership with respect to the processes of firm internationalization: internationalization pace, internationalization scope, and internationalization rhythm. Using longitudinal data (2000-2008) from 772 publicly listed firms in Taiwan, I find that firms opted for a (1) rapid pace, (2) a narrow scope, and (3) an irregular rhythm of internationalization when they were high level of the family ownership. These findings highlight that the family ownership has the significant influences on a firm's internationalization processes. This research enriches the research that links family ownership and international business. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed.
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Does acquisition of low-cost capital through market timing improve the likelihood of a firm's internationalization? Under what circumstances will the above relationship be stronger? These questions are the focus of our study. We i...
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Does acquisition of low-cost capital through market timing improve the likelihood of a firm's internationalization? Under what circumstances will the above relationship be stronger? These questions are the focus of our study. We integrate the arguments of the resource-based view and the market timing theory to answer these questions. We constructed a sample of capital-raising moves and international investments by 905 listed Chinese firms spanning the 1992-2012 period. Based on random-effects regression analyses, we find that firms deploying market timing are indeed more likely to internationalize. We also find that this effect is stronger for initial entries than subsequent expansions in a country.
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Studies dealing with the internationality of executive boards of large enterprises show that their internationality - as measured by share of foreign sales - differs significantly from the internationality of the enterprise activi...
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Studies dealing with the internationality of executive boards of large enterprises show that their internationality - as measured by share of foreign sales - differs significantly from the internationality of the enterprise activities. This was confirmed by the present survey on medium-sized enterprises from Singapore. Furthermore, it could be noticed that on the one hand that in order to explain exeutive board internationality, the internationality indicator "International work experience of the executive board members" has a high importance compared to the three other indicators examined, i.e. multinationality expressed as the board members' nationality, international education, and international relations. On the other hand this indicator is the only one that has a measurable influence on the internationality of the enterprise activities - the latter being measured by the company's share of foreign sales. This lets indicator "multi-nationality" that is frequently used in literature as a key-indicator of the internationality of an executive board appear to be overrated compared to other indicators generally used in studies on internationality. Thus, future studies in the field should consider its rather limited explanatory value.
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1. Our introduction to this focused issue of MIR (ⅰ) provides an overview of alternative approaches to the modeling of the relationship between internationalization and performance, (ⅱ) suggests answers to the question why prev...
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1. Our introduction to this focused issue of MIR (ⅰ) provides an overview of alternative approaches to the modeling of the relationship between internationalization and performance, (ⅱ) suggests answers to the question why previous research on the relationship has yielded contradictory results and (ⅲ) suggests ways how to overcome current problems of research in this important field of international business. 2. The focused issue reflects the diversity of research on the internationalization-performance relationship: it comprises both conceptual papers and empirical studies, the latter using different methods and data sets. Each of the papers represents a unique answer to the question of how research on the internationalization-performance relationship can be conducted. In total, the papers provide a broad, but also detailed overview of the state-of-the-art in the field.
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Systematic international diversification research depends on reliable measurements of the degree of internationalization (DOI) of the firm. In this paper, we argue that the inclusion of social markers of internationalization can c...
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Systematic international diversification research depends on reliable measurements of the degree of internationalization (DOI) of the firm. In this paper, we argue that the inclusion of social markers of internationalization can contribute to the development of more robust conceptualizations of the DOI construct. Unlike traditional metrics of DOI, such as foreign sales over total sales or foreign assets over total assets, social-based metrics of internationalization can reveal less visible foreign resource interdependencies across the firm's entire value chain. By combining social-based metrics of DOI with traditional measures of internationalization, we uncovered three distinct dimensions of internationalization: a real one, composed of the firm's foreign sales and assets; an exposure one, represented by the firm's extent and cultural dispersion of foreign subsidiaries; and a social one, represented by the extent of the firm's top managers international experience and the number and cultural zone dispersion of the firm's transnational board interlocks. Results from both an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis show that these dimensions are sufficiently distinctive to warrant theoretical and empirical partitioning. These findings have implications for the way researchers select and combine DOI metrics and underscore the importance of conducting a thorough theoretical and statistical assessment of DOI conceptualizations before proceeding with empirical research.
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In an increasingly digitalizing economy, e-commerce firms are known to internationalize faster and more irregularly than offline firms. However, it is important to analyze how e-commerce firms benefit from time-based international...
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In an increasingly digitalizing economy, e-commerce firms are known to internationalize faster and more irregularly than offline firms. However, it is important to analyze how e-commerce firms benefit from time-based internationalization decisions and whether they are still limited by institutional distances that are said to lose relevance, which we do not believe. We propose a theory-based framework to analyze the effects of e-commerce firms' internationalization rhythm and speed on their sales growth. Importantly, we apply multilevel modeling with cross-level interactions to provide insights into the role of institutional moderators, i.e., regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive distances. We use data from 228 e-commerce firms that are operating Europe's leading online shops and 1702 market entries over 21 years. The results show that e-commerce firms exhibit stronger growth due to their irregular and fast internationalization process. However, this relationship changes depending on certain institutional distances, and different explanations regarding country-specific variances are provided. The findings have direct implications for managers interested in how online internationalization processes affect firm growth in light of the differing degrees of cross-country contextual differences among common institutions.
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1. Researchers have recently suggested that on average the relationship between internationalization and performance will be S-shaped. In this study, we test this pattern investigating 87 Swiss multinational companies in manufact...
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1. Researchers have recently suggested that on average the relationship between internationalization and performance will be S-shaped. In this study, we test this pattern investigating 87 Swiss multinational companies in manufacturing industries over an 8-year period (1998-2005; N = 696). 2. Large Swiss companies cover the full range of internationalization, with many measuring over 90 percent foreign sales-to-total sales. This allows for a unique test of performance levels at very high degrees of internationalization. 3. We find that in the case of Swiss MNCs the S-curve is shifted to the right, and preceded by an initial stage of increasing performance. 4. We find that companies operating at extreme (very high) degrees of internationalization face lower average performance and higher average performance variation.
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The term "globalisation" tends to be misused and overused. We need greater clarity in our understanding of the globalisation process, including the distinct changes involved and their relation to human health. The health impacts o...
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The term "globalisation" tends to be misused and overused. We need greater clarity in our understanding of the globalisation process, including the distinct changes involved and their relation to human health. The health impacts of globalisation are simultaneously positive and negative, varying according to factors such as geographical location, sex, age, ethnic origin, education level, and socioeconomic status. Globalisation is not an unstoppable force. Our key challenge is to create socially and environmentally sustainable forms of globalisation that provide the greatest benefits and least costs, shared more equitably than is currently the case. The health community must engage more directly in current research and policy debates on globalisation and encourage values that promote human health. At the same time, those at the helm of globalisation processes must recognise that attending to health impacts will strengthen the long-term sustainability of globalisation.
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