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Guided by their business strategies, firms develop their competitive advantages and overcome systematic risks by allocating their limited resources. This study explores how advertising, labor, R&D, cost, and capital intensities are correlated with the systematic risks of 10 industries in the Chinese market. The results show that these correlations vary between industries. To easily adapt to market variations and reduce systematic risks, decision-makers are advised to design their business strategies according to the characteristics of their respective industries....
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Guided by their business strategies, firms develop their competitive advantages and overcome systematic risks by allocating their limited resources. This study explores how advertising, labor, R&D, cost, and capital intensities are correlated with the systematic risks of 10 industries in the Chinese market. The results show that these correlations vary between industries. To easily adapt to market variations and reduce systematic risks, decision-makers are advised to design their business strategies according to the characteristics of their respective industries.
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Absolute line intensities of sixteen rovibrational transitions in the v_4 band of ~(14)NH_3 were measured around 1800 cm~(-1) using a tunable diode laser spectrometer with a sweep modulation of the laser frequency. Individual lase...
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Absolute line intensities of sixteen rovibrational transitions in the v_4 band of ~(14)NH_3 were measured around 1800 cm~(-1) using a tunable diode laser spectrometer with a sweep modulation of the laser frequency. Individual laser scans over the line region were recorded to disk storage separately and the spectrum accumulation was performed off-line using a computer to reduce a significant line broadening because of a lower accuracy of the hardware on-line accumulation. From integrated absorption coefficients obtained by the numerical analysis of the measured line profile, the effective transition moments of individual rovibrational lines were derived. Using the second order perturbation theory of the transition moment of rovibrational transitions of the symmetric top molecules, the effective vibrational transition moments for the v_4 fundamental band of ~(14)NH_3 were estimated.
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We propose and analyze a general model of simple preference intensity comparisons. The model encompasses those that belong to the utility-difference class, has transparent behavioural underpinnings and features purely ordinal uniq...
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We propose and analyze a general model of simple preference intensity comparisons. The model encompasses those that belong to the utility-difference class, has transparent behavioural underpinnings and features purely ordinal uniqueness properties. Its empirical content is characterized by an easily testable condition on dual behavioural data that include choices and additional observables with intensity-revealing potential that are often elicited in experimental/empirical work, such as survey ratings, response times or willingness to pay. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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This article compares the development of transport and energy use with a focus on carbon dioxide (CO_2) emissions in the EU15 countries between 1960 and 2000, and separately by each individual EU country between 1970 and 2000. Bas...
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This article compares the development of transport and energy use with a focus on carbon dioxide (CO_2) emissions in the EU15 countries between 1960 and 2000, and separately by each individual EU country between 1970 and 2000. Based on a review on the literature, immaterialisation can be defined as the reduction of energy intensity and transport intensity; dematerialisation can be defined as the reduction in carbon intensity of energy production and the carbon intensity of transport; decarbonisation can be defined as the reduction in (total and transport) carbon intensity of the whole economy. Although there is a clear pattern of reduction in energy intensity of the economy and carbon intensity of energy production, a similar pattern cannot be found in transport. Neither the transport intensity of the economy nor the carbon intensity of transport has been reduced. In particular, freight transport intensity has grown between 1985 and 2000. Data presented by country have shown even more variation. The EU15 countries were aggregated into six groups by cluster analysis to establish the different patterns on each of the three measures. It is concluded that the EU15 countries will have problems in achieving the EU White Paper target of decoupling transport growth from economic growth and the Kyoto target of reducing total CO_2 emissions by 8% from the 1990 level between 2008 and 2012. However, there are some weak signals suggesting a more sustainable passenger transport system.
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ABSTRACT We analyze the global and local uncertainties of ground motion-macroseismic intensity conversion equations and derive new probabilistic relationships between the macroseismic intensity and peak ground motion parameters (p...
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ABSTRACT We analyze the global and local uncertainties of ground motion-macroseismic intensity conversion equations and derive new probabilistic relationships between the macroseismic intensity and peak ground motion parameters (peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity) for western China based on the assumption that the peak values of ground motion are randomly distributed for each MMI level, bounded by a normal distribution. For this purpose, a strong ground motion database consisting of 37 moderate- to large-magnitude earthquakes that occurred in western China between 1994 and 2017 is employed along with the corresponding modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) information inferred from isoseismal maps and earthquake damage reports. The mean value and standard deviation parameters in the probabilistic formulas are obtained from the result of the analysis of the local uncertainties of the data compiled for Western China. We propose a method for the rapid assessment of computer-generated intensity maps using the new probabilistic formulas. Our method composed of two steps. (1) According to a Bayesian formula, the possibility, expectation and standard deviation of the seismic intensity are calculated by the ground motion parameters recorded at a site station. (2) Furthermore, expectation and standard deviation maps of the seismic intensity throughout an area are obtained through spatial interpolation. Finally, an application is illustrated to validate this new methodology by presenting rapidly estimated (computed) intensity maps of the 8 December 2016 Hutubi (Ms 6.2) earthquake in western China.
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“Not the application of intensive care measures but the decision about their appropriateness is the most challengingaspect of modern intensive care medicine.” Many experienced intensive care physicians will confirm this statemen...
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“Not the application of intensive care measures but the decision about their appropriateness is the most challengingaspect of modern intensive care medicine.” Many experienced intensive care physicians will confirm this statement,although it might be true for other highly invasive and demanding medical areas as well. Intensive care has becomefrequently the very last resort when questions about thefinal phase of a patient’s life arise. Intensive care physicians have become the experts for the last days of life inmany circumstances. This development is in contrast to theprimary and initial aim of intensive care medicine, whichis focused on the saving of lives and nothing else. Whilethe primary concept of treating patients in acute, life-threatening but basically reversible, conditions faded away, itturned out that the promises and the success of modernmedicine had changed this paradigm completely. Seriouslyaffected by the epidemiological trend of a steadily ageingpopulation (at least in western countries) the daily practiceof intensive care medicine has shifted mainly to the care ofaged patients with relevant and severe comorbidities. Acuteillness on the grounds of advanced chronic diseases is themost likely scenario in a majority of today’s intensive carepatients. It is, therefore, not surprising that ethical, socialand philosophical questions far beyond the sole practice ofmedicine are frequently much more challenging than making a diagnosis or instituting mechanical ventilation in acritically ill patient.
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Bifurcation or bi-modal tropical cyclone intensity forecasts may arise due to uncertainty in the timing of formation, timing and magnitude of rapid intensification periods, or track forecast uncertainty leading to landfall or non-...
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Bifurcation or bi-modal tropical cyclone intensity forecasts may arise due to uncertainty in the timing of formation, timing and magnitude of rapid intensification periods, or track forecast uncertainty leading to landfall or non-landfall or leading to interaction with warm- or cold-ocean eddies. An objective technique is developed and tested to detect these intensity bifurcation situations in our weighted-analog intensity (WANI) forecasts that are based on the 10 best historical analogs to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) official track forecasts. About 19% of the overall sample of 1136 WANI forecasts in the western North Pacific during the 2010-2012 seasons met the criteria for a substantial intensity bifurcation situation. Using a hierarchical clustering technique, two clusters of the 10 best analogs are defined and separate WANI forecasts and intensity spreads are calculated for the two clusters. If an always perfect selection of the correct cluster WANI forecast of each bifurcation situation is made, a substantial improvement in the intensity mean absolute errors is achieved relative to the original WANI forecasts based on all 10 of the best analogs. These perfect-cluster selection WANI forecasts have smaller bias errors and are more highly correlated with the verifying intensities at all forecast intervals through 120 h. Without further bias correction and calibration, the cluster WANI intensity spreads are under-determined as the Probability of Detections are smaller than the desired 68%. Four examples of WANI cluster predictions of intensity bifurcation situations are provided to illustrate how a correct choice of the intensity forecast and the intensity spread can be the basis for improved warnings of the threat from western North Pacific tropical cyclones.
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Is China's textile industry (CTI) still a laboor-intensive one? To answer this question, this study measures the capital-labour intensity and technology intensity of CTI and its subsectors during 2006-2018, then applies factor int...
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Is China's textile industry (CTI) still a laboor-intensive one? To answer this question, this study measures the capital-labour intensity and technology intensity of CTI and its subsectors during 2006-2018, then applies factor intensity classification and cluster analysis to identifr their industrial attributes. The results show that CTI and its sub-sectors are still the labour- and non-technology-intensive. All the indexes of capital-labour intensity and technology intensity of CTI and its sub-sectors are below 100, lower than the average of industry sectors, indicating that they are not separate from the category of labour-intensive industry and still heavily dependent on labour. And cluster analysis verifies the industrial classification results. So CTI still needs to keep on increasing its capital intensity and technology intensity to achieve the goal of industrial transformation and upgrading in the future.
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This paper begins with a critical assessment of the concept of macroseismic intensity, on which traditional scales, such as MSK and EMS, are based. The main shortcoming identified is the model's failure to consider the spectral fe...
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This paper begins with a critical assessment of the concept of macroseismic intensity, on which traditional scales, such as MSK and EMS, are based. The main shortcoming identified is the model's failure to consider the spectral features of ground motion. This omission may lead to erroneous seismic zonation, as shown in the paper. As a result, the model is of little interest to engineers who must design and build safe structures while adopting economical solutions. The paper presents a way to radically improve this situation. The starting point for this approach was the experience of the destructive Vrancea earthquake of 1977.03.04, which made it clear that intensity appears to be different for structures having natural periods pertaining to different spectral domains. The solution proposed to the shortcomings of the traditional intensity concept is postulated on a system of analytical expressions, covering definitions of global intensities, of intensities related to oscillation frequency and of intensities related to a definite spectral band. The latter definition lies at the basis of a definition of discrete intensity spectra. Illustrative applications are presented, in relation to global intensities and to discrete intensity spectra. We then analyze an illustrative case in which the use of traditional macroseismic survey techniques led to erroneous seismic zonation. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations are presented. Based on the authors’ long-term experience, we strongly recommend close interaction between seismologists and engineers in working groups and joint projects targeted on radical improvement of the basic concepts of seismic intensity and of specific analysis procedures.
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摘要 :
This paper begins with a critical assessment of the concept of macroseismic intensity, on which traditional scales, such as MSK and EMS, are based. The main shortcoming identified is the model's failure to consider the spectral fe...
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This paper begins with a critical assessment of the concept of macroseismic intensity, on which traditional scales, such as MSK and EMS, are based. The main shortcoming identified is the model's failure to consider the spectral features of ground motion. This omission may lead to erroneous seismic zonation, as shown in the paper. As a result, the model is of little interest to engineers who must design and build safe structures while adopting economical solutions. The paper presents a way to radically improve this situation. The starting point for this approach was the experience of the destructive Vrancea earthquake of 1977.03.04, which made it clear that intensity appears to be different for structures having natural periods pertaining to different spectral domains. The solution proposed to the shortcomings of the traditional intensity concept is postulated on a system of analytical expressions, covering definitions of global intensities, of intensities related to oscillation frequency and of intensities related to a definite spectral band. The latter definition lies at the basis of a definition of discrete intensity spectra. Illustrative applications are presented, in relation to global intensities and to discrete intensity spectra. We then analyze an illustrative case in which the use of traditional macroseismic survey techniques led to erroneous seismic zonation. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations are presented. Based on the authors’ long-term experience, we strongly recommend close interaction between seismologists and engineers in working groups and joint projects targeted on radical improvement of the basic concepts of seismic intensity and of specific analysis procedures.
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