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Although mixed infection by two Plasmodium species has been recognized, mixed infection by three different Plasmodium species within one individual has not been clarified. This study sought to determine the pooled prevalence and p...
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Although mixed infection by two Plasmodium species has been recognized, mixed infection by three different Plasmodium species within one individual has not been clarified. This study sought to determine the pooled prevalence and proportion of triple mixed Plasmodium spp. infection compared with double mixed infection. Articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for cross-sectional studies of triple mixed infection by Plasmodium species and then were retrieved and extracted. The pooled proportion and prevalence of triple mixed infection by Plasmodium species were subjected to random-effects analysis. The secondary outcomes were differences in the pooled proportion between triple mixed infection and double mixed infection by Plasmodium species reported in the included studies. Of 5621 identified studies, triple mixed infection data were available for 35 records, including 601 patients from 22 countries. The overall pooled prevalence of triple mixed infection was 4% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 3–5%; I2?=?92.5%). The pooled proportion of triple mixed infection compared with double mixed infection was 12% (95% CI 9–18; I2?=?91%). Most of the included studies (29/35; 82.9%) presented a lower proportion of triple mixed infection than double mixed infection. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the proportion of triple mixed infection was the highest in Oceania (23%; 95% CI 15–36%) and Europe (21%; 95% CI 5–86%), but the lowest in the USA (3%; 95% CI 2–4%). Moreover, the proportion of triple mixed infection was higher in residents (20%; 95% CI 14–29%) than in febrile patients (7%; 95% CI 4–13%), when compared with the proportion of double mixed infection. Subgroup analysis of the age groups demonstrated that, compared with the proportion of double mixed infection, triple mixed infection was lower in patients aged?≤?5?years (OR?=?0.27; 95% CI 0.13–0.56; I2?=?31%) and?>?5?years (OR?=?0.09; 95% CI 0.04–0.25, I2?=?78%). The present study suggested that, in areas where triple mixed infection were endemic, PCR or molecular diagnosis for all residents in communities where malaria is submicroscopic can provide prevalence data and intervention measures, as well as prevent disease transmission and enhance malaria elimination efforts.
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The worldwide dissemination of HIV, the cause of AIDS, over the past 25 years has been one of the most catastrophic examples of the emergence, transmission, and propagation of a zoonotic infection. Ongoing exposure of humans to si...
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The worldwide dissemination of HIV, the cause of AIDS, over the past 25 years has been one of the most catastrophic examples of the emergence, transmission, and propagation of a zoonotic infection. Ongoing exposure of humans to simian lentiviruses and the potential for additional lentiviral epidemics should not be dismissed.
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Upper extremity infections are common. Most infections can be effectively treated with minor surgical procedures and/or oral antibiotics; however, inappropriate or delayed care can result in significant, long-term morbidity. The b...
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Upper extremity infections are common. Most infections can be effectively treated with minor surgical procedures and/or oral antibiotics; however, inappropriate or delayed care can result in significant, long-term morbidity. The basic principles of treating hand infections were described more than a century ago and most remain relevant today. Immunosuppressant medications, chronic health conditions such as diabetes and human immunodeficiency virus, and public health problems like intravenous drug use, have changed the landscape of hand infections and provide new challenges in treatment.
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The statements produced by the consensus conference on infection in end-stage liver disease promoted by the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, are here reported.The topics of epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, pro...
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The statements produced by the consensus conference on infection in end-stage liver disease promoted by the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, are here reported.The topics of epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of infections in patient with compensated and decompensated liver cirrhosis were reviewed by a scientific board of experts who proposed 26 statements that were graded according to level of evidence and strength of recommendation, and approved by an independent jury. Each topic was explored focusing on the more relevant clinical questions. By systematic literature search of available evidence, comparison and discussion of expert opinions, pertinent statements answering specific questions were presented and approved. Short comments were added to explain the basis for grading evidence particularly on case of controversial areas.
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Objectives: To evaluate the in vivo antibacterial efficacy of chinfloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone, in murine systemic and local infection models. Methods: The efficacy of chinfloxacin in systemic infection was evaluated in a mou...
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Objectives: To evaluate the in vivo antibacterial efficacy of chinfloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone, in murine systemic and local infection models. Methods: The efficacy of chinfloxacin in systemic infection was evaluated in a mouse peritonitis model using isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, n = 3), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; n = 1), penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae (PISP; n = 1), penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP; n = 2), vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis (VSE; n = 1), vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (VRE; n = 2), Escherichia coli (n = 3) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 2). The local infections included mouse pulmonary infections caused by penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae (PSSP; n = 1), PRSP (n = 1) and K. pneumoniae (n = 2). Results: In the mouse systemic infection model, chinfloxacin demonstrated potent activity against MSSA [50% effective dose (ED 50) 2.28-4.15 mg/kg], MRSA (ED 50 14.75 mg/kg), PISP (ED 50 6.20 mg/kg), PRSP (ED 50 3.51-5.03 mg/kg), VSE (ED 50 25.02 mg/kg), VRE (ED 50 5.18-15.39 mg/kg), E. coli (ED 50 1.25-1.90 mg/kg) and K. pneumoniae (ED 50 2.92-8.28 mg/kg). The therapeutic efficacy of chinfloxacin was generally similar to (P > 0.05) that of moxifloxacin, significantly higher (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) than that of levofloxacin in Gram-positive isolate infections (MSSA, MRSA, PISP, PRSP, VSE and VRE), and less than that of levofloxacin against E. coli and K. pneumoniae infections (P < 0.01). In the mouse pulmonary infection model, chinfloxacin showed potent activity towards S. pneumoniae (higher than levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) and K. pneumoniae (lower than levofloxacin and similar to or higher than ciprofloxacin) infections. Conclusions: The results validated the potent efficacy of chinfloxacin in vivo. The high efficacy of chinfloxacin in murine systemic and local infections warrants investigation of its clinical use.
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Atypical brain infections in the pediatric age group are uncommon and different from the adult population; however, when present, they pose a diagnostic challenge and can result in serious and potentially fatal complications if no...
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Atypical brain infections in the pediatric age group are uncommon and different from the adult population; however, when present, they pose a diagnostic challenge and can result in serious and potentially fatal complications if not recognized and treated early in the course of the disease. Imaging plays a vital role because of relative inaccessibility to tissue sampling. This review article regroups the atypical pediatric brain infections (parasitic, fungal, viral, and bacterial) by age group (prenatal, perinatal, and post-neonatal period) and elucidates their characteristic imaging appearance, as well as focuses on their complications, in an aim to help clinicians (pediatricians/pediatric neuroradiologists/radiologists) better characterize, diagnose, and guide patient treatment. In addition, this review article also emphasizes on infection mimics of the central nervous system in order to empower our differential diagnosis, improve our diagnostic accuracy, and avoid unindicated patient management and treatment.
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Since the dissemination of HAART, the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection have declined. However, the reduction in mortality due to opportunistic infection has made HCV-associated liver diseases the leading cause...
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Since the dissemination of HAART, the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection have declined. However, the reduction in mortality due to opportunistic infection has made HCV-associated liver diseases the leading cause of mortality in Western countries. We conducted a nationwide survey to determine the prevalence of coinfection with HIV and HCV by distributing a questionnaire to the hospitals in HIV/AIDS Network of Japan. Nineteen point two percent were also positive for the anti-HCV antibody. Most (84.1%) of the patients coinfected with HIV and HCV were recipients or blood products. Six point three percent were positive for HBs antigen, and had ongoing HBV infection.
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When recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is pseudotyped with the F and HN glycoproteins from murine respiratory Sendai virus (rSIV.F/HN), it provides efficient lung cell targeting and lifelong transgene expression in t...
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When recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is pseudotyped with the F and HN glycoproteins from murine respiratory Sendai virus (rSIV.F/HN), it provides efficient lung cell targeting and lifelong transgene expression in the murine airways. We have shown that a single dose of rSIV.F/HN can direct stable expression of neutralising antibody against influenza in the murine airways and systemic circulation, and protects mice against two different influenza strains in lethal challenge experiments. These data suggest that rSIV.F/HN could be used as a vector for passive immunisation against influenza and other respiratory pathogens.
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We evaluated the clinical characteristics, cytokine/chemokine concentrations, viral shedding and antibody kinetics in 30 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), including 6 non-survivors admitted to 3 MERS-designate...
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We evaluated the clinical characteristics, cytokine/chemokine concentrations, viral shedding and antibody kinetics in 30 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), including 6 non-survivors admitted to 3 MERS-designated hospitals. Old age, low albumin, altered mentality and high pneumonia severity index score at admission were risk factors for mortality. In addition, severe signs of inflammation at initial presentation (at hospital days 1-4), such as high inducible protein-10 (p=0.0013), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p=0.0007) and interleukin 6 (p=0.0007) concentrations, and poor viral control (high viral load at hospital days 5-10, p<0.001) without adequate antibody titres (low antibody titre at hospital days 11-16, p=0.07) during the course of disease, were associated with mortality.
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