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This paper endeavours to explain a project planning exercise set in China and involving the development of a Management Information System (MIS). The approach used is implicitly systemic and makes use of some fairly well-known sys...
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This paper endeavours to explain a project planning exercise set in China and involving the development of a Management Information System (MIS). The approach used is implicitly systemic and makes use of some fairly well-known systems tools. The main objective of the paper is to explain some of the problems and issues involved in the use of Logframe project planning (such as holism and participation) and to raise a series of learning issues. Elements covered in the paper include: a brief introduction to Logframe, a systems view of the project background, introduction to the TeamUp approach to project planning, critique of the planning tool and an overview of learning outcomes.
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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), also known as porous coordination polymers (PCPs), which are built through the coordination between metal ions/clusters and organic ligands, afford rigid structures, permanent high porosity and gre...
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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), also known as porous coordination polymers (PCPs), which are built through the coordination between metal ions/clusters and organic ligands, afford rigid structures, permanent high porosity and great chemical tunabilities. Endowed with numerous superior characteristics, MOFs have been garnering considerable attentions in the field of gas storage/separation, catalysis, biomedicine, sensing, etc. However, the study of MOFs as sensors is still in its infancy, in spite of their distinguished properties that render them promising candidates for sensing applications. As a result, research on MOFs as potential sensing materials can be of great importance and necessity. Thus far, a handful of MOF-based sensors have been constructed either by employing luminescent framework or by taking the advantage of photonic MOFs structures. Compared to luminescent MOFs, which rely on luminescent quenching for signal transduction, photonic MOFs structures require neither molecular level functionalization nor complicated signal detection, and thus representing a more attractive alternative in the field of sensing. Nevertheless, existing reports on photonic structures based sensors focused mainly on thin films, hybrid and template structures, which limits their generalization to MOFs-based sensors. On one hand, since the report of ZIF-8 thin film that works as a photonic sensor from Hupp's group, the studies in MOFs thin films have been rapidly developed. However, most of the films in literature were prepared based on methods highly related to their own properties. Thus, general strategies towards MOFs thin film preparation are still immature. On the other hand, the efficiency of fabricating template structures is not high due to the necessity of template fabrication and removal. Moreover, in order to improve the detection performance, other materials are usually incorporated into the system, which brings complexity into fabrication. From what introduced above, apparently a simple and general route towards fabricating MOFs sensors is still in great demand. Herein, we present the fabrication of a photonic sensor obtained through the self-assembly of MOFs crystals via Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique (Scheme 1). The self-assembly of nanoparticles of various sizes and shapes, including that of semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs), organic microspheres, metal NPs and metal oxide NPs has been thoroughly investigated in recent years. The studies on the applications of self-assembled structures, such as biosensor, catalysis and data storage, are getting more and more attractive. MOFs crystals are good candidates for the self-assembled structures. However, to the best of our knowledge, only a few studies have been carried on the self-assembly of MOFs crystals and none of them had investigated the applications of self-assembled MOFs structures. It is worthwhile noting that compared to other bottom-up strategies available, LB technique, which has always been playing a crucial role in directing the self-assembly of nanoparticles at air-liquid interface, is a fast and facile way to achieve the self-assembled MOFs structures. LB technique makes it possible to get assembled films consisting of MOFs crystals that cannot be directly prepared as thin films. Hence, LB technique was chosen for demonstrating the strategy of fabricating MOFs particle based photonic sensors.
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Object-oriented framework technology has become a common reuse technology in software development. As with all software, frameworks evolve over time. Once the framework has been deployed, new versions Of a framework potentially ca...
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Object-oriented framework technology has become a common reuse technology in software development. As with all software, frameworks evolve over time. Once the framework has been deployed, new versions Of a framework potentially cause a high maintenance cost for the products built with the framework. This fact, in combination with the high costs of developing and evolving a framework, make it important For organizations to achieve a controlled and predictable evolution of the framework's functionality and Costs.
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Porous frameworks are a term of attracting solid materials assembled by interconnection of molecules and ions. These trendy materials due to high chemical and thermal stability, well-defined pore size and structure, and high effec...
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Porous frameworks are a term of attracting solid materials assembled by interconnection of molecules and ions. These trendy materials due to high chemical and thermal stability, well-defined pore size and structure, and high effective surface area gained attention to employ as extraction phase in sample pretreatment methods before analytical analysis. Solid-phase microextraction is an important subclass of sample preparation technique that up to now different configurations of this method have been introduced to get adaptable with different environments and analytical instruments. In this review, theoretical aspect and different modes of solid-phase microextraction method are investigated. Different classes of porous frameworks and their applications as extraction phase in the proposed microextraction method are evaluated. Types and features of supporting substrates and coating procedures of porous frameworks on them are reviewed. At the end, the prospective and the challenges ahead in this field are discussed.
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A theorem of Laman gives a combinatorial characterization of the graphs that admit a realization as a minimally rigid generic bar-joint framework in R~2. A more general theory is developed for frameworks in R~3 whose vertices are ...
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A theorem of Laman gives a combinatorial characterization of the graphs that admit a realization as a minimally rigid generic bar-joint framework in R~2. A more general theory is developed for frameworks in R~3 whose vertices are constrained to move on a two-dimensional smooth submanifold M. Furthermore, when M is a union of concentric spheres, or a union of parallel planes, or a union of concentric cylinders, necessary and sufficient combinatorial conditions are obtained for the minimal rigidity of generic frameworks.
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A huge variability exists in nutrient concentrations boundaries set for the Water (WFD) and the Marine Strategy (MSFD) Framework Directives, as revealed by a survey to EU Member States. Such wide variation poses challenges when ch...
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A huge variability exists in nutrient concentrations boundaries set for the Water (WFD) and the Marine Strategy (MSFD) Framework Directives, as revealed by a survey to EU Member States. Such wide variation poses challenges when checking policy objectives compliance and for setting coherent management goals across European waters. To help Member States achieve Good Ecological Status (GES) in surface waters, different statistical approaches have been proposed in a Best Practice Guide (CIS Nutrients Standards Guidance) for establishing suitable nutrient boundaries. Here we used the intercalibrated results from the WFD for the biological quality element phytoplankton to test the applicability of this Best Practice Guide for deriving nutrient boundaries in coastal and transitional waters. Overall, the statistical approaches proved adequate for coastal lagoons, but are not always robust to allow deriving nutrient boundaries in other water categories such as estuaries, in transitional waters, or some coastal water types. The datasets available for analysis provided good examples of the most common problems that might be encountered in these water categories. Similar issues have been found in freshwater environments, for which solutions are proposed in the Best Practice Guide and which are demonstrated here for coastal and transitional waters. The different approaches available and problems identified can be useful for supporting the derivation of nutrient concentrations boundaries both for the Water (WFD) and the Marine Strategy (MSFD) Framework Directives implementation.
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We introduce a new notion of "regularity structure" that provides an algebraic framework allowing to describe functions and/or distributions via a kind of "jet" or local Taylor expansion around each point. The main novel idea is t...
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We introduce a new notion of "regularity structure" that provides an algebraic framework allowing to describe functions and/or distributions via a kind of "jet" or local Taylor expansion around each point. The main novel idea is to replace the classical polynomial model which is suitable for describing smooth functions by arbitrary models that are purpose-built for the problem at hand. In particular, this allows to describe the local behaviour not only of functions but also of large classes of distributions. We then build a calculus allowing to perform the various operations (multiplication, composition with smooth functions, integration against singular kernels) necessary to formulate fixed point equations for a very large class of semilinear PDEs driven by some very singular (typically random) input. This allows, for the first time, to give a mathematically rigorous meaning to many interesting stochastic PDEs arising in physics. The theory comes with convergence results that allow to interpret the solutions obtained in this way as limits of classical solutions to regularised problems, possibly modified by the addition of diverging counterterms. These counterterms arise naturally through the action of a "renormalisation group" which is defined canonically in terms of the regularity structure associated to the given class of PDEs. Our theory also allows to easily recover many existing results on singular stochastic PDEs (KPZ equation, stochastic quantisation equations, Burgers-type equations) and to understand them as particular instances of a unified framework. One surprising insight is that in all of these instances local solutions are actually "smooth" in the sense that they can be approximated locally to arbitrarily high degree as linear combinations of a fixed family of random functions/distributions that play the role of "polynomials" in the theory. As an example of a novel application, we solve the long-standing problem of building a naturalMarkov process that is symmetric with respect to the (finite volume) measure describing the Φ_3~4 Euclidean quantum field theory. It is natural to conjecture that the Markov process built in this way describes the Glauber dynamic of 3-dimensional ferromagnets near their critical temperature.
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摘要 :
We introduce a new notion of "regularity structure" that provides an algebraic framework allowing to describe functions and/or distributions via a kind of "jet" or local Taylor expansion around each point. The main novel idea is t...
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We introduce a new notion of "regularity structure" that provides an algebraic framework allowing to describe functions and/or distributions via a kind of "jet" or local Taylor expansion around each point. The main novel idea is to replace the classical polynomial model which is suitable for describing smooth functions by arbitrary models that are purpose-built for the problem at hand. In particular, this allows to describe the local behaviour not only of functions but also of large classes of distributions. We then build a calculus allowing to perform the various operations (multiplication, composition with smooth functions, integration against singular kernels) necessary to formulate fixed point equations for a very large class of semilinear PDEs driven by some very singular (typically random) input. This allows, for the first time, to give a mathematically rigorous meaning to many interesting stochastic PDEs arising in physics. The theory comes with convergence results that allow to interpret the solutions obtained in this way as limits of classical solutions to regularised problems, possibly modified by the addition of diverging counterterms. These counterterms arise naturally through the action of a "renormalisation group" which is defined canonically in terms of the regularity structure associated to the given class of PDEs. Our theory also allows to easily recover many existing results on singular stochastic PDEs (KPZ equation, stochastic quantisation equations, Burgers-type equations) and to understand them as particular instances of a unified framework. One surprising insight is that in all of these instances local solutions are actually "smooth" in the sense that they can be approximated locally to arbitrarily high degree as linear combinations of a fixed family of random functions/distributions that play the role of "polynomials" in the theory. As an example of a novel application, we solve the long-standing problem of building a naturalMarkov process that is symmetric with respect to the (finite volume) measure describing the Φ_3~4 Euclidean quantum field theory. It is natural to conjecture that the Markov process built in this way describes the Glauber dynamic of 3-dimensional ferromagnets near their critical temperature.
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Abstract The goals of conducting disaster research are to obtain information to: (1) decrease the human, environmental, and economic losses; (2) decrease morbidity; (3) decrease pain and suffering; and (4) enhance the recovery of ...
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Abstract The goals of conducting disaster research are to obtain information to: (1) decrease the human, environmental, and economic losses; (2) decrease morbidity; (3) decrease pain and suffering; and (4) enhance the recovery of the affected population. Two principal, but inter-related, branches of disaster research are: (1) Epidemiological; and (2) Interventional. In response to the need for the discipline of disaster health to build its science on data that are generalizable and comparable, a set of five Frameworks have been developed to structure the information and research of the health aspects of disasters: (1) Conceptual; (2) Longitudinal; (3) Transectional Societal; (4) Relief-Recovery; and (5) Risk-Reduction. These Frameworks provide a standardized format for studying and comparing the epidemiology of disasters as well as evaluating the interventions (responses) provided prior to, during, and following a disaster, especially as they relate to the health status of the people affected or at-risk. Critical to all five Frameworks is the inclusion of standardized definitions of the terms used to describe factors that lead to and affect the occurrence and severity of a disaster. The Conceptual Framework describes the progression of a hazard that becomes an event, which causes structural damage and a decrease or loss of function (functional damage), that, in turn, produces needs that lead to a disaster. The Longitudinal Framework describes this chronological progression as phases in order of their appearance in time, even though some of them occur concurrently. In order to study and compare the effects of an event on the complex amalgam that constitutes a society, the essential functions of a society have been deconstructed into 13 Basic Societal Systems that comprise the Transectional Societal Framework. These diverse, but inter-related Basic Societal Systems interface with each other through a 14th system called Coordination and Control. Epidemiological research studies the relationships and occurrences that influence and result from a disaster. Interventional research involves the evaluation of interventions, whether they are directed at relief, recovery, hazard mitigation, capacity building, or performance. The Relief-Recovery and Risk-Reduction Frameworks are based on a Disaster Logic Model. The Relief-Recovery Framework provides the structure necessary to systematically evaluate specific interventions provided during the Relief and Recovery phases of a disaster. The Risk-Reduction Framework details the processes involved in mitigating the risk that a hazard will produce a destructive event and/or that capacity building will augment the resilience of a community to the consequences of such an event. It incorporates a cascade of risks that lead from the presence of a hazard to the development of a disaster. Risk is described as the likelihood that each of the steps leading from a hazard to a disaster will take place; it also includes the probable consequences of the occurrence of each of the elements in the Conceptual Framework. The Conceptual, Longitudinal, and Transectional Societal Frameworks are useful in epidemiological research, i.e., the study of the incidence of, and factors influencing events and disasters. The Relief-Recovery and Risk-Reduction Frameworks are added to the Conceptual, Longitudinal, and Transectional Societal Frameworks for conducting and reporting of interventional research/evaluations. Examples of the application of these Frameworks are provided.
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