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A concise overview of approaches to perform reductions of various functionalities including aldehydes, ketones, esters, imines, -nitriles, nitro groups, alkenes and alkynes under continuous-flow conditions are highlighted and disc...
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A concise overview of approaches to perform reductions of various functionalities including aldehydes, ketones, esters, imines, -nitriles, nitro groups, alkenes and alkynes under continuous-flow conditions are highlighted and discussed in this short review.1 Introduction2 Reduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Esters3 Reduction of Imines and Nitriles4 Reduction of Nitro Groups5 Reduction of Alkenes6 Partial Reduction of Alkynes7 Conclusion.
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This paper contains results on geometric Routh reduction and it is a continuation of a previous paper [7] where a new class of transformations is introduced between Lagrangian systems obtained after Routh reduction. In general, th...
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This paper contains results on geometric Routh reduction and it is a continuation of a previous paper [7] where a new class of transformations is introduced between Lagrangian systems obtained after Routh reduction. In general, these reduced Lagrangian systems have magnetic force terms and are singular in the sense that the Lagrangian does not depend on some velocity components. The main purpose of this paper is to show that the Routh reduction process itself is entirely captured by the application of such a new transformation on the initial Lagrangian system with symmetry.
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The reduction behavior of low level oxides such as (T.Fe), (MnO) and (P_2O_5) in molten EAF slag was investigated using commercial reductants. In an air atmosphere, the slag volume increased and the reduction rate of the slag was ...
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The reduction behavior of low level oxides such as (T.Fe), (MnO) and (P_2O_5) in molten EAF slag was investigated using commercial reductants. In an air atmosphere, the slag volume increased and the reduction rate of the slag was very low due to the oxidation loss of reductants by oxygen in the air. The reduction rate of the slag was also low when a commercial reductant was used alone in an Ar gas atmosphere. The reason is probably because the material transfer through the interface between the slag and reductant is difficult due to the formation of high melting point oxide. When reductants were mixed with burnt lime in order to form low melting point reaction products, the reduction rate of the slag increased up to the range of 45-70%. By using the mixtures of reductants and burnt lime so as to form a low melting point slag at the reaction end, the reduction rate of the slag was improved up to 60-85%.
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Titanomagnetite concentrate was reduced by graphite isothermally under argon gas in thermogravime-try system at 1 373 to 1 623 K. The influences of reductive conditions on the reduction and metallization degree including reduction...
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Titanomagnetite concentrate was reduced by graphite isothermally under argon gas in thermogravime-try system at 1 373 to 1 623 K. The influences of reductive conditions on the reduction and metallization degree including reduction temperature, reduction time and C/O molar ratio were studied. And the characteristics of reduced samples were analyzed by XRD, BES and EDS. Results shown that in the temperatures range of 1 423 to 1 623 K, initially the reduction proceeded rapidly and after 30 min only a slow increase in reduction was observed. The low reduction degree was owing to the high impurities oxides content such as magnesium oxide in titanomagnetite concentrate and the reduction and metallization degree increased with the C/O molar ratio until up to 1.0 at 1 623 K. Above 1 373 K, the reduction path is suggested as follow:Fe_(3-x)TI_xO_4 →(x + y-1)FeO + Fe_(4_2x_Y)Ti_x0_(4_y) →(X +Y-1)Fe + Fe_(4_2x_y)Ti_xO_(4_y) →(3-x)Fe + xTiO_2 (0收起
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The review examines the chiral amine literature from 2000-2009 (May) concerning enantiose-lective and diastereoselective methods for iV-acylen-amide and enamine reduction, reductive amination, and imine reduction. The reaction ste...
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The review examines the chiral amine literature from 2000-2009 (May) concerning enantiose-lective and diastereoselective methods for iV-acylen-amide and enamine reduction, reductive amination, and imine reduction. The reaction steps for each strategy, from ketone to primary chiral amine, are clearly defined, with best methods and yields for starting material preparation and final deprotection noted. Categories of chiral amines have been defined in Section 1 to allow the reader to quickly understand whether their specific target amine falls within a difficult to synthesize, or not, structural class. Amino acids are not considered in this work.
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Patterns of invariant sets of interval maps are the equivalence classes of invariant sets under order-preserving conjugacy. In this paper we study forcing relations on patterns of invariant sets and reductions of interval maps. We...
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Patterns of invariant sets of interval maps are the equivalence classes of invariant sets under order-preserving conjugacy. In this paper we study forcing relations on patterns of invariant sets and reductions of interval maps. We show that for any interval map f and any nonempty invariant set S of f there exists a reduction g of f such that g vertical bar s = f vertical bar s and g is a monotonic extension of f vertical bar s. By means of reductions of interval maps, we obtain some general results about forcing relations between the patterns of invariant sets of interval maps, which extend known results about forcing relations between patterns of periodic orbits. We also give sufficient conditions for a general pattern to force a given minimal pattern in the sense of Bobok. Moreover, as applications, we give a new and simple proof of the converse of the Sharkovskii Theorem and study fissions of periodic orbits, entropies of patterns, etc.
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In this paper, some new aspects related to Routh reduction of Lagrangian systems with symmetry are discussed. The main result of this paper is the introduction of a new concept of transformation that is applicable to systems obtai...
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In this paper, some new aspects related to Routh reduction of Lagrangian systems with symmetry are discussed. The main result of this paper is the introduction of a new concept of transformation that is applicable to systems obtained after Routh reduction of Lagrangian systems with symmetry, so-called magnetic Lagrangian systems.We use these transformations in order to showthat, under suitable conditions, the reduction with respect to a (full) semi-direct product group is equivalent to the reduction with respect to an Abelian normal subgroup. The results in this paper are closely related to the more general theory of Routh reduction by stages.
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We study finite-dimensional reductions of the dispersionless 2D Toda hierarchy showing that the consistency conditions for such reductions are given by a system of radial Loewner equations. We then construct their Hamiltonian stru...
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We study finite-dimensional reductions of the dispersionless 2D Toda hierarchy showing that the consistency conditions for such reductions are given by a system of radial Loewner equations. We then construct their Hamiltonian structures, following an approach proposed by Ferapontov.
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The synthesis of pharmacologically relevant scaffolds is an important goal in modern organic chemistry. For this reason, the use of methodologies involving operationally simple procedures and easily handled reagents to chemoselect...
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The synthesis of pharmacologically relevant scaffolds is an important goal in modern organic chemistry. For this reason, the use of methodologies involving operationally simple procedures and easily handled reagents to chemoselectively and stereoselectively convert different functionalities has gained considerable attention. In this review, we summarize the latest trends in reductive reactions using triethyl-silane as the key reagent that provide synthetically interesting intermediates, coupling products and structures with control of the 3D architecture.1 Introduction2 Scenario A: Reduction of C–C Multiple Bonds3 Scenario B: Reduction of Functional Groups4 Scenario C: Reductive Coupling5 Scenario D: Reductive Cyclization6 Conclusion.
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We investigated the reducing properties of a series of 1,2-diaryl-1,2-disodiumethanes by means ofequilibration reactions. The electron-donor power of these vic-diorganometals is strongly affected bythe nature of substituents prese...
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We investigated the reducing properties of a series of 1,2-diaryl-1,2-disodiumethanes by means ofequilibration reactions. The electron-donor power of these vic-diorganometals is strongly affected bythe nature of substituents present either on the aromatic ring(s) or on the carbanionic centers, and itcan be correlated with their ability to delocalize the arylmethyl carbanions. These findings aresupported by electrochemical analysis of the reduction behavior of the parent 1,2-diarylalkene.Applications of these results to the reduction of selected substrates are described.
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