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In this study we investigate the role of corporate offshoring strategy on offshoring decisions and performance. Based on 876 offshoring projects from 226 companies obtained by means of surveys conducted in the USA and Europe, we e...
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In this study we investigate the role of corporate offshoring strategy on offshoring decisions and performance. Based on 876 offshoring projects from 226 companies obtained by means of surveys conducted in the USA and Europe, we examine the effect of offshoring strategy on factors influencing firms' views of offshoring, and the effect of offshoring strategy on offshoring performance. Separate analyses were conducted for US and European companies in order to explore any regional heterogeneity in offshoring. A comparative analysis between companies with and without an offshoring strategy reveals that when making offshoring decisions, the former consider a broader range of factors (drivers, risks and locations) as important compared to companies without an offshoring strategy, suggesting association between offshoring strategy and managerial attention. The results also indicate that the adoption of a corporate offshoring strategy has a significant positive effect on cost savings achieved from offshore implementations, and that innovation activities have a significant negative impact on cost savings, but only for European companies.
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We explore the extent of organizational responsiveness to pressures from institutional constituents against offshoring of information technology and business process services. Drawing on a theoretical framework that integrates ins...
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We explore the extent of organizational responsiveness to pressures from institutional constituents against offshoring of information technology and business process services. Drawing on a theoretical framework that integrates institutional and strategic explanations, we proposed that organizational responsiveness to anti-offshoring institutional pressures is a function of both the characteristics of such pressures as well as organizations' prior success with offshoring. Results based on survey data from 84 offshoring client organizations indicate the following: Both greater organizational expectations of enhanced social legitimacy and mimetic influences from other organizations led to greater organizational responsiveness. Both conflict of institutional expectations with organizational goals and greater regulatory environment uncertainty reduced responsiveness. Organizational dependence on a key pressuring constituent had no effect. Surprisingly, organizational success with offshoring had no direct effect on responsiveness and we examine why this might be so. However, it attenuated the otherwise strong positive effect of social legitimacy and exacerbated the negative effect of regulatory environment uncertainty.
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Offshore renewable energy,and in particular the offshore wind energy sector,is still developing in many countries around the world.Wind offshore projects are characterized by the need to build offshore electric power transmission ...
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Offshore renewable energy,and in particular the offshore wind energy sector,is still developing in many countries around the world.Wind offshore projects are characterized by the need to build offshore electric power transmission infrastructure.Offshore substations are a key element of submarine electric power transmission systems.Due to the environmental conditions,an offshore substation is constructed as an indoor facility located on a platform.Depending on the offshore wind farm capacity,there are various solutions for platform and substructure designs used for the substation.Numerous economic and technical analyses indicate a significant potential for the development of offshore wind energy in Poland.By 2030,this potential is set at 6 GW of installed capacity,taking into account 2.2 GW of power included in the connection agreements being concluded.The main objective of this paper is to present the prospects for the development of offshore wind energy in Poland,and to describe the various offshore substation solutions and the different aspects of substation operation.Offshore wind energy resources and power capacity are also presented.Moreover,solutions for offshore substation platforms,electrical equipment and layout,functions of offshore substations in the power systems and offshore substation designs are described.
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Offshore aquaculture industry is considered among the fastest growing industries worldwide. However, further expansion of this industry requires larger breeding installations positioned even further from shore. These installations...
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Offshore aquaculture industry is considered among the fastest growing industries worldwide. However, further expansion of this industry requires larger breeding installations positioned even further from shore. These installations inevitably would require substantial automation powered by appropriate energy sources. Thus, this paper investigates appropriate sustainable renewable energy generation solutions to meet anticipated needs. Firstly, an account of energy requirements of a typical offshore aquaculture installation is presented to realise the scale of energy required. Subsequently, current status of solar, wind, wave and current renewable energy technologies is given and their applicability for Eastern Mediterranean offshore aquaculture is investigated. Finally, further challenges and research milestones to overcome are discussed.
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The offshoring phenomenon has evolved in recent years, and can be understood from a threefold perspective: first, the evolution in the type of activity being offshored; second, the learning curve involving both the companies imple...
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The offshoring phenomenon has evolved in recent years, and can be understood from a threefold perspective: first, the evolution in the type of activity being offshored; second, the learning curve involving both the companies implementing offshoring and service providers; and third, the reasons for offshoring. This study proposes an empirical framework that will allow us to explore the interaction between the type of activity (specifically knowledge-intensive) and the drivers of the decision to select the most appropriate governance mode. Specifically, our results show that market-seeking drivers become the primary determinants prompting firms to offshore knowledge-intensive activities through a captive center. In contrast, the motivation to reduce costs moderates the decision to offshore knowledge-intensive activities by nurturing a preference for offshore out-sourcing. The empirical evidence is supported by multi-country data from the Offshoring Research Network.
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EU and US governments experience significant friction in formulating appropriate responses to the challenge of offshoring. The very first policy reactions have been viewed as ill-conceived by their rudimentary empirical foundation...
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EU and US governments experience significant friction in formulating appropriate responses to the challenge of offshoring. The very first policy reactions have been viewed as ill-conceived by their rudimentary empirical foundations. Several studies on the US offshoring regulatory framework have been carried out recently. However, a comprehensive representation of the offshoring regulatory framework at European Union level seems to be lacking. Furthermore, no comparative studies have been conducted between EU and US regulatory frameworks. Given the importance of the legal dimension of offshoring, the research question of this paper is: are there divergences and/or analogies between EU and US offshoring regulatory frameworks? To answer this question, this paper dissects the economic background of the phenomenon, analyses the present EU and US offshoring regulatory frameworks, explores analogies and divergences among them and offers a synopsis of future regulatory trajectories. This paper presents an analysis that suggests EU and US regulatory approaches exhibit clear divergences regarding their scope as well as their content, mainly resulting from the almost dichotomic underlying economic perspectives. These perspectives are in turn chiefly determined by the overall reflection created by perception and media coverage. As to future regulatory trajectories, the EU will continue to strive for de-regularization of economic activity and neutralization of socio-economic collateral damage. In the case of the US, dominant factors are the public opinion and the political composition of the US Congress.
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Increasing biomass production yields is a critical challenge for macroalgae biorefineries. The continuous tumbling and mixing of free-floating algae through water or airflow has been shown to increase the productivity of algae in ...
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Increasing biomass production yields is a critical challenge for macroalgae biorefineries. The continuous tumbling and mixing of free-floating algae through water or airflow has been shown to increase the productivity of algae in land-based cultivation systems. This approach has not been tested thoroughly in offshore cultivation. We report, here, a field feasibility study on the increase in green macroalga Ulva sp. growth rates in offshore cages, achieved by the combined effect of tumbling and mixing of the algae using influxes of water and air. The experimental system was tested in a shallow coastal area in central Israel, in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. A maximum daily growth rate of 19.2%, areal productivity of 33.72 g dry weight (DW) day(-1) m(-2), and volumetric yields of 37.78 g DW day(-1) m(-3), together with 38.47 +/- 0.01% ash and 5.28% protein content on a dry matter basis were achieved in the cages with intensified cultivation in the first week of May 2017. Our study shows that cultivation with tumbling and mixing of biomass with air, and water exchange with the environment is a feasible method to increase Ulva sp. biomass productivity offshore. (c) 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Innovating firms may acquire foreign knowledge and improve their innovation performance by offshoring their R&D activities to their own foreign affiliates (captive offshoring) as well as by contracting out their R&D to external foreign parties (contract offshoring). This study examines the impact of both R&D offshoring strategies on innovation performance. Based on a panel dataset of 2421 R&D-active firms in Germany, we demonstrate that captive offshoring and contract offshoring differ fundamentally in their impact on firm innovation performance. At low degrees of offshoring, contract offshoring positively affects innovation performance and is preferable over captive offshoring. At larger degrees of offshoring, captive offshoring becomes more beneficial while contract offshoring is disadvantageous. Both offshoring strategies eventually harm innovation performance when excessively employed. Furthermore, the R&D offshoring-performance relationship is leveraged by R&D intensity, such that firms with a larger knowledge stock benefit stronger from both captive and contract offshoring....
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Innovating firms may acquire foreign knowledge and improve their innovation performance by offshoring their R&D activities to their own foreign affiliates (captive offshoring) as well as by contracting out their R&D to external foreign parties (contract offshoring). This study examines the impact of both R&D offshoring strategies on innovation performance. Based on a panel dataset of 2421 R&D-active firms in Germany, we demonstrate that captive offshoring and contract offshoring differ fundamentally in their impact on firm innovation performance. At low degrees of offshoring, contract offshoring positively affects innovation performance and is preferable over captive offshoring. At larger degrees of offshoring, captive offshoring becomes more beneficial while contract offshoring is disadvantageous. Both offshoring strategies eventually harm innovation performance when excessively employed. Furthermore, the R&D offshoring-performance relationship is leveraged by R&D intensity, such that firms with a larger knowledge stock benefit stronger from both captive and contract offshoring.
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The productivity gains due to offshoring may, in part, accrue to workers. This paper estimates the magnitude of these gains and compares it to the magnitude of employment loss due to worker displacement. A model based on the produ...
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The productivity gains due to offshoring may, in part, accrue to workers. This paper estimates the magnitude of these gains and compares it to the magnitude of employment loss due to worker displacement. A model based on the production task frameworkfrom Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008) is used to demonstrate that the effect of offshoring depends on the intensity of use of these tasks and, ultimately, impacts domestic employment through three channels: a direct displacement effect, which negatively impacts employment; an output effect generated by the productivity gains from offshoring, which reorganizes and increases aggregate production in the economy and impacts domestic employment positively; and a substitution effect among factors and tasks,which has an ambiguous effect Using the model's structure as a roadmap and applying it to detailed U.S. manufacturing sector data over 2001-2007, results from GMM 3SLS regressions provide overall support for the structure and predictions of the tasks model of offshoring. In particular, the economic magnitude of the productivity gains is found to have been important.
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Recently, a minimum structure fixed template steel tripod jacket was toppled onto the seabed during installation. The jacket weighed 620t in air and was to be installed at a water depth of 64 m. This study presents the technical, ...
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Recently, a minimum structure fixed template steel tripod jacket was toppled onto the seabed during installation. The jacket weighed 620t in air and was to be installed at a water depth of 64 m. This study presents the technical, operational and safety considerations in the development of the recovery procedure, which led to the successful retrieval of the jacket and subsequent re-installation. The recovery procedure relied heavily on subsea saturation diving activities and the use of a heavy lift derrick barge. Owing to the delicate situation of the jacket on the seabed with two piles inside two of the jacket legs and one of the piles bent and penetrated into the seabed, and the need to preserve the jacket integrity, the recovery process was a very unique engineering challenge. This recovery of a fully submerged jacket from the seabed was a first, which involved procedures never attempted before.
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