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Using low molecular weight polyethylenimine (PEI), transparent thin films of TiO_2nanoparticleswere prepared by layer-by-layer self assembly method. UV-visible spectrophotometry was employed in aquantitative manner to monitor the ...
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Using low molecular weight polyethylenimine (PEI), transparent thin films of TiO_2nanoparticleswere prepared by layer-by-layer self assembly method. UV-visible spectrophotometry was employed in aquantitative manner to monitor the adsorbed mass of TiO_2and PEI after each dip cycle. The adsorptionof both TiO_2 and PEI showed a saturation dip time of 10 min. The effect of dip time on the growthmode and surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and non-contactatomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that growth proceeds in the form of laterally broad islandsin case of short dip times, and taller but laterally smaller islands in case of longer dip times. A model wasproposed which describes the role of dip time on the lateral growth of TiO_2islands. Low molecular weightPEI resulted in around 25% less adsorption of PEI and TiO_2 in comparison with high molecular weightPEI, but because of lower remaining ash, could be promising for dye-sensitized solar cell photoelectrodeapplications, in which removal of polyelectrolyte after the formation of thin film enhances the electricalproperties and therefore the efficiency of solar cell.
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Behavioural lateralization consists of perceptual and motor lateralization and provides adaptive advantages such as a general increase in brain efficiency. Motor laterality refers to the preferred use of either left or right limbs...
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Behavioural lateralization consists of perceptual and motor lateralization and provides adaptive advantages such as a general increase in brain efficiency. Motor laterality refers to the preferred use of either left or right limbs or organs to perform a specific task. We investigated motor laterality in goats (Capra hircus), using the First-stepping Task. During this task, the first foreleg used to step off a board after standing with both forelimbs was recorded. Subjects varied individually in their expression of motor lateralization with 36.6% of subjects showing individual-level asymmetries. However, goats as a group did not show a preference for a specific foreleg or lateralization in general. Our results support the hypothesis that the need to coordinate behaviour among conspecifics might be important for determining the presence of lateralization at the population level. We suggest that future research investigates how social complexity might affect population-level asymmetries, and whether stimuli with high emotional valence impact on lateralization presence and level (i.e., individual or population).
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Throughout the history of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, the extent of lateral offset has changed considerably from ‘‘too lateral’’ to ‘‘too medial’’ and has been lately swinging back towards a point somewhere in bet...
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Throughout the history of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, the extent of lateral offset has changed considerably from ‘‘too lateral’’ to ‘‘too medial’’ and has been lately swinging back towards a point somewhere in between. Nonlateralized designs minimize shear forces on the glenoid and decrease force required by the deltoid. Glenoid lateralization decreases impingement and scapular notching and improves range of motion. Humeral lateralization achieves a more anatomic position of the tuberosities while maintaining a nonlateralized center of rotation. Several factors play a role in choosing the extent of lateral offset and method of lateralization.
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Introduction Since its first description, the concept of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) has evolved. The term lateralization remains unclear and is used to describe implants that lateralize on the glenoid side, the humeral si...
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Introduction Since its first description, the concept of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) has evolved. The term lateralization remains unclear and is used to describe implants that lateralize on the glenoid side, the humeral side, or both. The objective of this study was to provide a clear definition of lateralization and to measure the lateralization achieved by the most commonly used implants.
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Background: In previous reports of lateral canthoplasty, the components of the inferior retinaculum were mostly secured to the lateral orbital rim at a level around the pupil or superior limbus. However, that level is not adjustab...
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Background: In previous reports of lateral canthoplasty, the components of the inferior retinaculum were mostly secured to the lateral orbital rim at a level around the pupil or superior limbus. However, that level is not adjustable in young patients who want to lengthen the short palpebral fissure for cosmetic purposes. Moreover, the anchoring method based on the palpebral portion can also be inconvenient and ineffective. Thus, the authors report an effective fixation level of the lateral orbital rim to lengthen and widen the lateral palpebral fissure.
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Lateral epicondylitis is the most common cause of lateral sided elbow pain in adults. While conservative treatment can relieve the symptoms, recalcitrant pain often requires surgical intervention. Various methods have been describ...
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Lateral epicondylitis is the most common cause of lateral sided elbow pain in adults. While conservative treatment can relieve the symptoms, recalcitrant pain often requires surgical intervention. Various methods have been described including open, mini-open, percutaneous, and partial lateral epicondylectomy. Partial lateral epicondylectomy as described by Froimson is a tried and true methods that has been proven to be an excellent treatment for lateral epicondylitis. This article provides a systematic approach to the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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Evidence of left-right asymmetries in invertebrates has begun to emerge, suggesting that lateralization of the nervous system may be a feature of simpler brains as well as more complex ones. A variety of studies have revealed sens...
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Evidence of left-right asymmetries in invertebrates has begun to emerge, suggesting that lateralization of the nervous system may be a feature of simpler brains as well as more complex ones. A variety of studies have revealed sensory and motor asymmetries in behaviour, as well as asymmetries in the nervous system, in invertebrates. Asymmetries in behaviour are apparent in olfaction (antennal asymmetries) and in vision (preferential use of the left or right visual hemifield during activities such as foraging or escape from predators) in animals as different as bees, fruitflies, cockroaches, octopuses, locusts, ants, spiders, crabs, snails, water bugs and cuttlefish. Asymmetries of the nervous system include lateralized position of specific brain structures (e.g., in fruitflies and snails) and of specific neurons (e.g., in nematodes). As in vertebrates, lateralization can occur both at the individual and at the population-level in invertebrates. Theoretical models have been developed supporting the hypothesis that the alignment of the direction of behavioural and brain asymmetries at the population-level could have arisen as a result of social selective pressures, when individually asymmetrical organisms had to coordinate with each other. The evidence reviewed suggests that lateralization at the population-level may be more likely to occur in social species among invertebrates, as well as vertebrates.
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Handedness ontogenesis is still under debate in science. This systematic review analyzed articles regarding the theories and basis of handedness formation, highlighting the historical knowledge path that this literature underwent....
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Handedness ontogenesis is still under debate in science. This systematic review analyzed articles regarding the theories and basis of handedness formation, highlighting the historical knowledge path that this literature underwent. Cochrane Library, LILACS, Web of Sciences, Science Direct and PubMed databases were searched. This review included review studies with handedness as the main topic. Only papers written in English with analyses exclusively in neurotypical humans (any age range) were included. Different approaches (genetic, neural, social, and behavioural) were reviewed in light of growing evidence, summarizing the current state of the art. Genetic and environmental/social impacts are common points in most of the reviews, each given more or less importance, depending on the author and theory proposed. Multifactorial, developmental approaches to handedness formation seem to be the most up to date view of the phenomenon. Different control mechanisms between hemisphere and neural asymmetries are also contributing factors to handedness formation.
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Handedness ontogenesis is still under debate in science. This systematic review analyzed articles regarding the theories and basis of handedness formation, highlighting the historical knowledge path that this literature underwent....
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Handedness ontogenesis is still under debate in science. This systematic review analyzed articles regarding the theories and basis of handedness formation, highlighting the historical knowledge path that this literature underwent. Cochrane Library, LILACS, Web of Sciences, Science Direct and PubMed databases were searched. This review included review studies with handedness as the main topic. Only papers written in English with analyses exclusively in neurotypical humans (any age range) were included. Different approaches (genetic, neural, social, and behavioural) were reviewed in light of growing evidence, summarizing the current state of the art. Genetic and environmental/social impacts are common points in most of the reviews, each given more or less importance, depending on the author and theory proposed. Multifactorial, developmental approaches to handedness formation seem to be the most up to date view of the phenomenon. Different control mechanisms between hemisphere and neural asymmetries are also contributing factors to handedness formation.
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Theoretical and empirical evidence suggest that socio-biological factors determine the expression of behavioural lateralization across species. One would expect the same association at the intraspecific level, that is, that the di...
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Theoretical and empirical evidence suggest that socio-biological factors determine the expression of behavioural lateralization across species. One would expect the same association at the intraspecific level, that is, that the differences in social strategies of the two sexes entail the sex differences in the lateralized social processing. This study aimed to test whether this hypothesis applies to the lateralized behaviour of offspring towards a mother. The preferences in the use of the lateral visual field of the left and right eye were assessed in wild Asian elephant, Elephas maximus mothers and their young sons and daughters. The spatial positioning relative to a social partner during approach was used as a behavioural indicator of visual lateralization. At the population level, elephant mothers preferred to keep the young in their left visual field during slow travelling. In contrast, young did not display a one-sided bias for the whole sample. The lateralization, however, was pronounced in a sex-specific mannersons preferentially kept their mothers in the right visual field, while daughters preferred to keep mothers in the left visual field. Intriguingly, both sons and daughters preferentially kept the familiar older young in the left visual field. Sons, thus, showed oppositely directed lateral preferences towards mother and non-mother companion. Presumably, sons aimto approach the mother from her left side (rather than to keep her in the right visual field) and benefit from optimized maternal perception, while daughters facilitate their own perception of the mother by keeping her in the left visual field. These sex-related differences in lateralized behaviour may result from strikingly different social strategies of two sexes.
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