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HF radar measurements are used to optimize surface wind forcing and baroclinic open boundary condition forcing in order to constrain model coastal surface currents. This method is applied to a northwestern Mediterranean(NWM) regio...
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HF radar measurements are used to optimize surface wind forcing and baroclinic open boundary condition forcing in order to constrain model coastal surface currents. This method is applied to a northwestern Mediterranean(NWM) regional primitive equation model configuration. A new radar data set, provided by two radars deployed in the Toulon area (France), is used. To our knowledge, this is the first time that radar measurements of the NWM Sea are assimilated into a circulation model. Special attention has been paid to the improvement of the model coastal current in terms of speed and position. The data assimilation method uses an ensemble Kalman smoother to optimize forcing in order to improve the model trajectory. Twin experiments are initially performed to evaluate the method skills. Real measurements are then fed into the circulation model and significant improvements to the modeled surface currents, when compared to observations, are obtained.
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The Ekofisk oilfield (Figure 1) is located about 300 km south-west of Stavanger in blocks 2/4 and 2/7 of the Norwegian North Sea, where the water depth is about 70 m. It is a late Cretaceous/early Palaeocene anticlinal chalk struc...
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The Ekofisk oilfield (Figure 1) is located about 300 km south-west of Stavanger in blocks 2/4 and 2/7 of the Norwegian North Sea, where the water depth is about 70 m. It is a late Cretaceous/early Palaeocene anticlinal chalk structure at about 2900-3500 m depth, with a total reservoir thickness of approximately 200 m. There are two reservoirs, the Tor formation and the overlying Ekofisk formation, separated by an impermeable tight zone. The Ekofisk formation contains about two-thirds of the original reserves. Both reservoirs have high porosity (25-45%), but low matrix permeability (0.1-10 mD), and the permeability that exists is largely related to pervasive fracturing.
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The Model for Improvement and the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle is a popular quality improvement (QI) tool for health care providers to successfully lead QI projects and redesign care processes. This tool has several distinct components...
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The Model for Improvement and the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle is a popular quality improvement (QI) tool for health care providers to successfully lead QI projects and redesign care processes. This tool has several distinct components that must be addressed in sequence to organize and critically evaluate improvement activities. Unlike other health sciences clinical research, QI projects and research are based on dynamic hypotheses that develop into observable, serial tests of change with continuous collection and feedback of performance data to stakeholders.
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CONTEXT: The phrase "Science of Improvement" or "Improvement Science" is commonly used today by a range of people and professions to mean different things, creating confusion to those trying to learn about improvement. In this art...
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CONTEXT: The phrase "Science of Improvement" or "Improvement Science" is commonly used today by a range of people and professions to mean different things, creating confusion to those trying to learn about improvement. In this article, we briefly define the concepts of improvement and science, and review the history of the consideration of "improvement" as a science. METHODS: We trace key concepts and ideas in improvement to their philosophical and theoretical foundation with a focus on Deming's System of Profound Knowledge. We suggest that Deming's system has a firm association with many contemporary and historic philosophic and scientific debates and concepts. With reference to these debates and concepts, we identify 7 propositions that provide the scientific and philosophical foundation for the science of improvement. FINDINGS: A standard view of the science of improvement does not presently exist that is grounded in the philosophical and theoretical basis of the field. The 7 propositions outlined here demonstrate the value of examining the underpinnings of improvement. This is needed to both advance the field and minimize confusion about what the phrase "science of improvement" represents. We argue that advanced scientists of improvement are those who like Deming and Shewhart can integrate ideas, concepts, and models between scientific disciplines for the purpose of developing more robust improvement models, tools, and techniques with a focus on application and problem solving in real world contexts. CONCLUSIONS: The epistemological foundations and theoretical basis of the science of improvement and its reasoning methods need to be critically examined to ensure its continued development and relevance. If improvement efforts and projects in health care are to be characterized under the canon of science, then health care professionals engaged in quality improvement work would benefit from a standard set of core principles, a standard lexicon, and an understanding of the evolution of the science of improvement.
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This article aims to investigate the patterns of the relationship between the cost of poor quality (COPQ) and the process of continuous improvement. Methods of qualitative research are used to conduct the detailed inquiry between ...
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This article aims to investigate the patterns of the relationship between the cost of poor quality (COPQ) and the process of continuous improvement. Methods of qualitative research are used to conduct the detailed inquiry between both variables from every critical angle. Comprehensive secondary analysis, which is comprised of a structured and unstructured literature review, is performed for this purpose. The findings of the study reveal that the cost of poor quality directly relates to the process of incremental improvement. Each business is faced with certain redundancies and other issues that cause the actual cost of a process to exceed the optimally reduced cost. The management of each organization should focus on a system that consistently identifies any loopholes, which would be followed by a method to eliminate or minimize them. These cost reductions incrementally result in the improvement of company processes. In the end, the evidence proves the research hypothesis.
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The ever increasing pressures to ensure the most efficient and effective use of limited health service resources will, over time, encourage policy makers to turn to system modelling solutions. Such techniques have been available f...
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The ever increasing pressures to ensure the most efficient and effective use of limited health service resources will, over time, encourage policy makers to turn to system modelling solutions. Such techniques have been available for decades, but despite ample research which demonstrates potential, their application in health services to date is limited. This article surveys the breadth of approaches available to support delivery and design across many areas and levels of healthcare planning. A case study in emergency stroke care is presented as an exemplar of an impactful application of health system modelling. This is followed by a discussion of the key issues surrounding the application of these methods in health, what barriers need to be overcome to ensure more effective implementation, as well as likely developments in the future.
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Lipases are ubiquitous biocatalysts that catalyze various reactions in organic solvents or in solvent-free systems and are increasingly applied in various industrial fields. In view of the excellent catalytic activities and the hu...
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Lipases are ubiquitous biocatalysts that catalyze various reactions in organic solvents or in solvent-free systems and are increasingly applied in various industrial fields. In view of the excellent catalytic activities and the huge application potential, more than 20 microbial lipases have been realized in large-scale commercial production. The potential for commercial exploitation of a microbial lipase is determined by its yield, activity, stability and other characteristics. This review will survey the various technical methods that have been developed to enhance yield, activity and stability of microbial lipases from four aspects, including improvements in lipase-producing strains, modification of lipase genes, fermentation engineering of lipases and downstream processing technology of lipase products.
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Age and Ageing is now inviting papers on healthcare improvement for older people. In this article we outline the nature and scope of healthcare improvement and reference improvement models and the tools and methods of improvement ...
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Age and Ageing is now inviting papers on healthcare improvement for older people. In this article we outline the nature and scope of healthcare improvement and reference improvement models and the tools and methods of improvement science. We emphasise the issues of sustainability, including scale and spread; evaluation including associated ethical consideration and the involvement of patients and the public in healthcare improvement and associated research. Throughout we refer to resources the authors have found useful in their own work, and provide a bibliography of sources and web-links which will provide essential guidance and support for potential contributors to this new category of submission to Age and Ageing.
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Background The SQUIRE (Standards of QUality Improvement Reporting Excellence) guidelines were developed to improve the reporting of quality improvement (QI) projects. The effect of the guidelines on the completeness of reporting i...
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Background The SQUIRE (Standards of QUality Improvement Reporting Excellence) guidelines were developed to improve the reporting of quality improvement (QI) projects. The effect of the guidelines on the completeness of reporting in the QI literature is unknown.
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The authors describe a reform effort in which characteristics derived from High Reliability Organization research were used to shape whole school reform. Longitudinal analyses of outcome data from 12 Welsh secondary schools indica...
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The authors describe a reform effort in which characteristics derived from High Reliability Organization research were used to shape whole school reform. Longitudinal analyses of outcome data from 12 Welsh secondary schools indicated that 4 years after the effort was initiated, student outcomes at the sites were strongly positive. Additional quantitative and qualitative data, gathered 5 years after the end of the intervention, indicated that the majority of the schools continued using the high reliability principles and continued making strong academic progress. Results are discussed in terms of the original High Reliability Schools model, systemic effects, and sustainability.
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