摘要 :
Floral biology of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees was studied under the agro-climatic conditions of Arunachal Pradesh. Plants showed flowering throughout the year. However, profuse flowering was observed in the mo...
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Floral biology of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees was studied under the agro-climatic conditions of Arunachal Pradesh. Plants showed flowering throughout the year. However, profuse flowering was observed in the month of November. Maximum anthesis was observed between 10 to 11 am and 12 noon to 1 pm respectively. Pollens exhibited 75 to 77% fertility.
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The diversity of angiosperm flowers is astounding. The conventional explanation for this diversity is that it represents the great variety of ways in which flowers have adapted to attract an even greater diversity of animal pollin...
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The diversity of angiosperm flowers is astounding. The conventional explanation for this diversity is that it represents the great variety of ways in which flowers have adapted to attract an even greater diversity of animal pollinators. Many animal behaviourists are therefore interested in how changes in floral morphology affect pollinator behaviour. The establishment of well-characterised model plant species has greatly furthered our understanding of how floral morphology is generated and varied. Many of these model species are pollinated by animals and attract their pollinators through the production of colour, shape, scent, size and rewards. An understanding of the developmental plasticity of floral morphology, and the constraints upon it, should inform research into animal responses to flowers. The use of genetically characterised model species, and the isogenic and near-isogenic lines available in them, will allow dissection of the different components of floral attraction and reward in natural systems.
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Many polycarpic herbaceous perennials are known to have a cold-requirement for flowering. To determine the range and relative effectiveness of vernalization temperatures for flower induction, clonally propagated plants of veronica...
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Many polycarpic herbaceous perennials are known to have a cold-requirement for flowering. To determine the range and relative effectiveness of vernalization temperatures for flower induction, clonally propagated plants of veronica (Veronica spicata L.) 'Red Fox' and laurentia [Laurentia axillaris (Lindl.) E. Wimm.] were exposed to temperatures from -2.5 to 20 degrees C at 2.5 degrees C increments for 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks (veronica 'Red Fox') and 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, or 15 weeks (laurentia). After treatments, growth and flowering were monitored in a glass greenhouse set at 20 degrees C with an average daily light integral of ~5 mol.m-2.d-1. Both veronica 'Red Fox' and laurentia exhibited obligate vernalization requirements for flowering, but the temperature-response curves were distinctly different. A minimum of 4 weeks at -2.5 and 0 degrees C, 6 weeks at 2.5 degrees C, and 8 weeks at 5 and 7.5 degrees C was required for complete (100%) flowering of veronica 'Red Fox', while a minimum of 5 weeks at 5 to 10 degrees C, 7.5 weeks at 12.5 degrees C, and 10 weeks at 2.5 degrees C were required for complete flowering of laurentia. For veronica 'Red Fox', node number under each flower and flower timing were relatively fixed following up to 8 weeks at each temperature, although these values generally decreased at each temperature with extended exposure for laurentia. Based on percent flowering and percentage of lateral nodes flowering, vernalization of veronica 'Red Fox' was most effective at 0 and -2.5 degrees C, while based on percent flowering and flower number, vernalization of laurentia was most effective at 5 to 10 degrees C.
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This study was carried out to investigate the effect of lime sulfur and octyl alcohol treatments on the fruit set and fruit quality of 'Fuji' apples. Lime sulfur (Be 22 degrees) was splayed twice at 2 and 3 days after the central ...
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This study was carried out to investigate the effect of lime sulfur and octyl alcohol treatments on the fruit set and fruit quality of 'Fuji' apples. Lime sulfur (Be 22 degrees) was splayed twice at 2 and 3 days after the central flower's full bloom (CF FB). Octyl alcohol (81%) was applied at 1 day (1D), 2 days (2D), or 3 days (3D) after CF1B in 'Fuji/M.9' trees. The number of fruits per cluster in terminal flowers (TF) was 3.71 for the control and 1.85 for the octyl alcohol 2D treatment, the number in lateral flowers (LF) were very low - 0.96 and 1.01 for the octyl alcohol 2D and 3D treatments, respectively- compared with untreated (3.27). The percentage of central fruit per cluster was 82.3% in the TF and 63.8% in the LF for the control, and 60.6% in the TF and 33.9% in the LF for the octyl alcohol 2D treatment. Furthermore, the rate of non-fruit set per cluster in the TF was 0.7% for the control and 19.7% for the octyl alcohol 2D treatment. Single fruit rate per cluster in the TF was very low for the control but higher in the octyl alcohol 2D treatment. In addition, the percentage of clusters with three or more than four fruits per cluster was 80.3% for the control, but lower for the octyl alcohol 2D treatment. There was no difference in flower bud differentiation rate and fruit quality between the control and octyl alcohol treatments. Overall, the results indicated that octyl alcohol treatment positively affected flower thinning compared with the control.
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The useful life of the flower is terminated by senescence which is a well regulated process that involves structural, biochemical and molecular changes. cDNA-AFLP was used under stringent PCR conditions to identify transcripts tha...
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The useful life of the flower is terminated by senescence which is a well regulated process that involves structural, biochemical and molecular changes. cDNA-AFLP was used under stringent PCR conditions to identify transcripts that are strongly expressed during petal senescence of two cut rose cultivars, 'Black magic' and 'Maroussia', with different longevities, 5.6 and 14.3 days vase life, respectively, and at different (2 and 8) stages of flower opening. Five transcripts from 35 isolated fragments which showed clear variation in the presence/absence between two cultivars were screened. Sequence comparison of these cDNAs revealed 44% similarity to the genes encoding DNA helicase in Arabidopsis thaliana, others to the translation initiation factor IF-1 and beta-D-galactosidase in apple and arabinogalactan protein in petunia. The expression patterns of these genes were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and it was found that most of them were up-regulated and one other was down-regulated in both cultivars during senescence
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In the Epilogue of Understanding Flowers and Flowering, Beverley Glover states that the book 'was conceived with a single clear aim: to link what we know of the molecular and genetic control of how flowers come to look as they do ...
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In the Epilogue of Understanding Flowers and Flowering, Beverley Glover states that the book 'was conceived with a single clear aim: to link what we know of the molecular and genetic control of how flowers come to look as they do with what we know from evolutionary and ecological perspectives about why they look as they do.' This is an ambitious undertaking; Glover attempts to bring together diverse fields including flower induction, floral pigmentation, pollination biology, development and developmental genetics. As a major goal, she states 'that if nothing else, this book will serve to show each sort of specialist the complexity of the rest of the field.' By touching on such a diverse array of topics in one volume, the author has accomplished this important goal; in this broad sense, Understanding Flowers and Flowering is valuable as a compendium of diverse information. It should appeal to a broad audience, including specialists and nonspecialists, and might be particularly helpful for those interested in interdisciplinary research.
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Baekma, a new standard chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum [D. morifolium]) cultivar, was released by National Horticultural Research Institute (NHRI), Rural Development Administration, Korea Republic, in 2004. The cross was ...
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Baekma, a new standard chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum [D. morifolium]) cultivar, was released by National Horticultural Research Institute (NHRI), Rural Development Administration, Korea Republic, in 2004. The cross was made in 2001 between Baeksun, a summer flowering cultivar, and Shinma, an autumn flowering cultivar. The characteristics are investigated from 2002 to 2004 for the evaluation and selection of this cultivar, including shading culture in summer and retarding culture in autumn. The natural flowering time of Baekma is late September, but year-round flowering is possible by shading and lighting. It has large flower, ~13.8 cm in diameter, the number of the petals is 254 and the shape of the outer petals is tubular. The flower is white, but shows light green in its centre at the early stage of flowering. The days to flower from short day treatment is ~51 in autumn..
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Key message Low number of pistillate flowers in the tung tree is a major factor causing the low yield of tung fruits. The tung tree (Vernicia fordiiHemsl.), an economically important woody oil plant, produces excellent fast-drying...
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Key message Low number of pistillate flowers in the tung tree is a major factor causing the low yield of tung fruits. The tung tree (Vernicia fordiiHemsl.), an economically important woody oil plant, produces excellent fast-drying oil from the seeds which has been used as a protective finish on projects and surfaces for centuries. Knowledge of sex determination and flower development of tung trees is helpful for high-yield cultivation and breeding of new elite cultivars. However, studies on tung flower biology and ontogeny are still lacking. Here, we reported a comprehensive study of the flower biology and ontogeny of the tung tree, focusing on flower cycle, flower morphology and flower development. The inflorescence phenophases of monoecious tung trees were divided into 12 pivotal stages and used as a unique timeline to reference the events registered throughout the flower cycle. Histological studies on sporogenesis and gametogenesis were also conducted. Meanwhile, all the unique events throughout flower cycle were linked together to show the correlation between inflorescence development phenophases, pistillate and staminate flower stages and its embryological development. Tung trees in our plantation were grouped into three major types, i.e., monoecious, gynoecious and androecious trees which produced different number of fruits in each inflorescence. We propose that low number of pistillate flowers in the tung tree is a major factor causing the low yield of tung fruits, and that any measures increasing the number of pistillate flowers would effectively improve the yield of tung fruits.
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The main purpose of this study was to reveal the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of 34 edible flowers that grew in Yunnan Province, China, through a comprehensive assessment of their nutritional composition and antioxid...
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The main purpose of this study was to reveal the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of 34 edible flowers that grew in Yunnan Province, China, through a comprehensive assessment of their nutritional composition and antioxidant indices. The results showed that sample A3 of Asteraceae flowers had the highest total flavonoid content, with a value of 8.53%, and the maximum contents of vitamin C and reducing sugars were from Rosaceae sample R1 and Gentianaceae sample G3, with values of 143.80 mg/100 g and 7.82%, respectively. Samples R2 and R3 of Rosaceae were the top two flowers in terms of comprehensive nutritional quality. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of Rosaceae samples was evidently better than that of three others, in which Sample R1 had the maximum values in hydroxyl radical (·OH) scavenging and superoxide anion radical (·O2?) scavenging rates, and samples R2 and R3 showed a high total antioxidant capacity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-pyridylhydrazine (DPPH) scavenging rate, respectively. Taken together, there were significant differences in the nutrient contents and antioxidant properties of these 34 flowers, and the comprehensive quality of Rosaceae samples was generally better than the other three families. This study provides references for 34 edible flowers to be used as dietary supplements and important sources of natural antioxidants.
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A factorial experiment, in the form of completely randomized design with two factors, was conducted in four replicates to investigate the effects of silica nanoparticles (nanoparticle-SiO2) and calcium chelate (Ca-chelate) on gerb...
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A factorial experiment, in the form of completely randomized design with two factors, was conducted in four replicates to investigate the effects of silica nanoparticles (nanoparticle-SiO2) and calcium chelate (Ca-chelate) on gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.). The first factor was nanoparticle-SiO2 concentration in nutrient solution (at four levels of 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg L-1) and the second factor was Ca-chelate concentration in nutrient solution (at four levels of 0, 60, 120 and 240 mg L-1). Number of leaves, number of flowers, number of flower buds and aborted flower buds, time of flowering, flower vase life, flower color, percentages of ash and lignin in stem, petal protein, as well as the amounts of silica and calcium in stem, leaf and root were measured. Compared to control, the treatment of 80 mg L-1 of nanoparticle-SiO2 with 60 mg L-1 of Ca-chelate increased the number of flowers by 182%. Moreover, applying 60 mg L-1 of Ca-chelate and 20 mg L-1 of nanoparticle-SiO2 led to flowers with 1.5 times higher longevity and 27% increase in flowering rate. The highest flower bud numbers and the lowest bud abortion were obtained in the treatment with 80 mg L-1 of nanoparticle-SiO2 and 60 mg L-1 of Ca-chelate. The highest concentration of calcium in stem, leaf and root as well as the highest amount of protein, pigment intensity and degree of transparency were observed in the treatment with 240 mg L-1 of Ca-chelate and 80 mg L-1 of nanoparticle-SiO2.
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