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This article proposes a generator for adaptive Web applications called GIWA. CAW A's objective is to facilitate the automatic execution of the design and the generation of Adaptable Web Applications (A WA). Characteristically, the...
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This article proposes a generator for adaptive Web applications called GIWA. CAW A's objective is to facilitate the automatic execution of the design and the generation of Adaptable Web Applications (A WA). Characteristically, the effort in this work has to be pursued with special attention to both issues applied to A WA: adaptability and adaptivity. The architecture of GIWA is based on three levels: the semantic level, the conceptual level and the generation one. Using GIWA, designers specifies, at the semantic level the features of Web application. The conceptual level focuses on the creation of diagrams in WA-UML language; the extended UML by our new concepts and new design elements for adaptation. At the generation level, GIWA acquires all information about users 'preferences and their access condition. Consequently, the generated pages are adaptable to all these information. An evaluation and a validation of GIWA are given in this article to prove our adaptation.
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Although many educational and psychological tests are labeled as computerized adaptive test (CAT), not all tests show the same level of adaptivity some tests might not have much adaptation because of various constraints imposed by...
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Although many educational and psychological tests are labeled as computerized adaptive test (CAT), not all tests show the same level of adaptivity some tests might not have much adaptation because of various constraints imposed by test developers. Researchers have proposed some indices to measure the amount of adaption for an adaptive test. This article shows some limitations of the existing indices. A new index of adaptivity is proposed in this article. Its performance was evaluated in a simulation. The results show that the new index was able to overcome some of the limitations of the existing indices in the simulated scenarios.
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In Europe, the development of housing designs which address the needs of people with disabilities began some 30 years ago with specialised housing solutions, and simple adaptations. They addressed the needs of wheelchair users, in...
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In Europe, the development of housing designs which address the needs of people with disabilities began some 30 years ago with specialised housing solutions, and simple adaptations. They addressed the needs of wheelchair users, in particular. Building legislation and welfare legislation (e.g., rental subsidies) supported the building of this special housing, which enabled a higher degree of integration in the community for citizens with disabilities. The past ten to fifteen years, however, has seen a paradigmatic change in many European countries with the introduction and refinement of so-called Lifetime Adaptable Housing standards within mainstream housing. In this approach, the goal has become one of ensuring that new-build and renovated housing stock is technically capable - at low cost - of accommodating the widest possible range of user needs, that is, for persons with all types of disabilities, families with small children and seniors. This paper gives an overview of European experiences in bringing disability access standards to mainstream housing, based on a survey of eighteen countries. The paper documents the existence of a variety of technical standards as well as differing economic incentives and legislative powers between the countries. The paper concludes that new partnerships between builders, architects and organisations of people with disabilities have advanced the practice of building adaptable housing considerably. Yet, there is considerable scope for technical research and development targeted towards new, flexible housing types.
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The concept of adaptation constraints has become well known in the climate change literature. It describes impediments to the process of adaptation that could in principle be overcome but often are not. Many adaptation constraints...
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The concept of adaptation constraints has become well known in the climate change literature. It describes impediments to the process of adaptation that could in principle be overcome but often are not. Many adaptation constraints have been identified and described in the literature across a wide range of contexts, and the importance of their influence on climate change adaptation is clear. However most studies have focussed ondescribingconstraints rather than exploring their origins, processes, and possible impacts. As a consequence, it has been difficult to operationalise the concept to provide information meaningful to decision makers.This study demonstrates an approach to estimating empirically the processes and the impacts of adaptation constraints, based on a case-study of farmers in New Zealand. It combines established social scientific methods to explore the processes underlying a range of adaptation constraints and estimate the impacts that these constraints may have. The approach can be used to explore further the social and economic impacts of adaptation constraints. This information can then be used to consider sub-optimal adaptation to climate change more fully, and paves the way for policy responses that are more conscious of the human elements of climate change adaptation.
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Feedback is an important educational tool that can support learning and assessment. This article describes types of conative feedback that can support the student's conation, will, volition, or motivation. Any of these types of fe...
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Feedback is an important educational tool that can support learning and assessment. This article describes types of conative feedback that can support the student's conation, will, volition, or motivation. Any of these types of feedback can be presented to the student before, during, or after an educational activity or a test question. Experimental results found higher student scores using conative feedback during computer-based assessment than without feedback.
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A key driver for next generation web information retrieval systems is becoming the degree to which a user's search and presentation experience is adapted to individual user properties and contexts of use. Over the past decades, tw...
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A key driver for next generation web information retrieval systems is becoming the degree to which a user's search and presentation experience is adapted to individual user properties and contexts of use. Over the past decades, two parallel threads of personalisation research have emerged, one originating in the document space in the area of Personalised Information Retrieval (PIR) and the other arising from the hypertext space in the field of Adaptive Hypermedia (AH). PIR typically aims to bias search results towards more personally relevant information by modifying traditional document ranking algorithms. Such techniques tend to represent users with simplified personas (often based on historic interests), enabling the efficient calculation of personalised ranked lists. On the other hand, the field of Adaptive Hypermedia (AH) has addressed the challenge of biasing content retrieval and presentation by adapting towards multiple characteristics. These characteristics, more typically called personalisation "dimensions", include user goals or prior knowledge, enabling adaptive and personalised result compositions and navigations. The question arises as to whether it is possible to provide a comparison of PIR and AH, where the respective strengths and limitations can be exposed, but also where potential complementary affordances can be identified. This survey investigates the key techniques and impacts in the use of PIR and AH technology in order to identify such affordances and limitations. In particular, the techniques are analysed by examining key activities in the retrieval process, namely (i) query adaptation, (ii) adaptive retrieval and (iii) adaptive result composition and presentation. In each of these areas, the survey identifies individual strengths and limitations. Following this comparison of techniques, the paper also illustrates an example of a potential synergy in a hybridised approach, where adaptation can be tailored in different aspects of PIR and AH systems. Moreover, the concerns resulting from interdependencies and the respective tradeoffs of techniques are discussed, along with potential future directions and remaining challenges.
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The ability to adapt is critical to survival and varies between individuals. Adaptation of one motor system may be related to the ability to adapt another. This study sought to determine whether phoria adaptation was correlated wi...
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The ability to adapt is critical to survival and varies between individuals. Adaptation of one motor system may be related to the ability to adapt another. This study sought to determine whether phoria adaptation was correlated with the ability to modify the dynamics of disparity vergence. Eye movements from ten subjects were recorded during dynamic disparity vergence modification and phoria adaptation experiments. Two different convergent stimuli were presented during the dynamic vergence modification experiment: a test stimulus (4° step) and a conditioning stimulus (4° double step). Dynamic disparity vergence responses were quantified by measuring the peak velocity (°/s). Phoria adaptation experiments measured the changes in phoria over a 5-min period of sustained fixation. The maximum velocity of phoria adaptation was determined from an exponential fit of the phoria data points. Phoria and dynamic disparity vergence peak velocity were both significantly modified (P < 0.001). The maximum velocity of phoria adaptation was significantly correlated with the changes in convergence peak velocity (r > 0.89; P < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between the ability to adaptively adjust two different oculomotor parameters: a tonic and dynamic component. Future studies should investigate additional interactions between these parameters, and the ability to adaptively change other oculomotor systems such as the saccadic or smooth pursuit system. Understanding the ability to modify phoria, dynamic disparity vergence, and other oculomotor parameters can yield insights into the plasticity of short-term adaptation mechanisms.
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Purpose - This paper aims to contribute to adaptation research by devising a systematic method for examining the challenges in mainstreaming climate change adaptation (CCA) into local land use planning. It argues that mainstreamin...
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Purpose - This paper aims to contribute to adaptation research by devising a systematic method for examining the challenges in mainstreaming climate change adaptation (CCA) into local land use planning. It argues that mainstreaming operationalization necessitates a methodology that focuses on the challenges in applying the approach and an analytical framework that can examine the mainstreaming process from an institutional perspective.
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Multimedia systems can profit a lot from personalization. Such a personalization is essential to give users the feeling that the system is easily accessible especially if it is done automatically. The way this adaptive personaliza...
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Multimedia systems can profit a lot from personalization. Such a personalization is essential to give users the feeling that the system is easily accessible especially if it is done automatically. The way this adaptive personalization works is very dependent on the adaptation model that is chosen. We introduce a generic two-dimensional classification framework for user modeling systems. This enables us to clarify existing as well as new applications in the area of user modeling. In order to illustrate our framework we evaluate push and pull based user modeling in user modeling systems.
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An adaptive device is made up of an underlying mechanism, for instance, an automaton, a grammar, etc., to which is added an adaptive mechanism, responsible for allowing a dynamic modification in the structure of the underlying mec...
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An adaptive device is made up of an underlying mechanism, for instance, an automaton, a grammar, etc., to which is added an adaptive mechanism, responsible for allowing a dynamic modification in the structure of the underlying mechanism. Adaptive languages have the basic feature of allowing the expression of programs which self-modifying through adaptive actions at runtime. The conception of such languages calls for a new programming style, since the application of adaptive technology suggests a new way of thinking. The adaptive programming style may be a feasible alternate way to obtain self-modifying consistent codes, which allow its use in modern applications for self-modifying.
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