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Alcoholism and cirrhosis, which are two of the most serious health problems worldwide, have a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes. Both diseases are influenced by genetic susceptibility and cultural traits that differ globally but...
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Alcoholism and cirrhosis, which are two of the most serious health problems worldwide, have a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes. Both diseases are influenced by genetic susceptibility and cultural traits that differ globally but are specific for each population. In contrast to other regions around the world, Mexicans present the highest drinking score and a high mortality rate for alcoholic liver disease with an intermediate category level of per capita alcohol consumption. Mexico has a unique history of alcohol consumption that is linked to profound anthropological and social aspects. The Mexican population has an admixture genome inherited from different races, Caucasian, Amerindian and African, with a heterogeneous distribution within the country. Thus, genes related to alcohol addiction, such as dopamine receptor D2 in the brain, or liver alcoholmetabolizing enzymes, such as alcohol dehydrogenase class I polypeptide B, cytochrome P450 2E1 and aldehyde dehydrogenase class 2, may vary from one individual to another. Furthermore, they may be inherited as risk or non-risk haplogroups that confer susceptibility or resistance either to alcohol addiction or abusive alcohol consumption and possibly liver disease. Thus, in this era of genomics, personalized medicine will benefit patients if it is directed according to individual or population-based data. Additional association studies will be required to establish novel strategies for the prevention, care and treatment of liver disease in Mexico and worldwide.
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Ethanol is an ingredient that is intoxicating in nature. Abuse of alcohol affects nearly every bodily system. Alcohol is rapidly absorbed from the stomach, small intestine, and colon. This article provides an introduction to the h...
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Ethanol is an ingredient that is intoxicating in nature. Abuse of alcohol affects nearly every bodily system. Alcohol is rapidly absorbed from the stomach, small intestine, and colon. This article provides an introduction to the health effects of alcoholism. Discussed are ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol.
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Created forty years ago, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) has played a major role in the great strides made in the understanding, treatment, prevention, and public acceptance of alcohol-use disorders....
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Created forty years ago, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) has played a major role in the great strides made in the understanding, treatment, prevention, and public acceptance of alcohol-use disorders. Throughout most of U.S. history "habitual drunkenness" was viewed as a problem of moral degeneracy or character flaw inherent in the individual. However, the wealth of scientific evidence amassed throughout NIAAA's history has established alcoholism as a medical condition, that is, as a disease for which affected individuals should feel no shame or be treated with disdain. We look at the developments in alcohol epidemiology, typology, etiology, prevention, and treatment research over the past 40 years. We also discuss how NIAAA addresses alcohol disorders from a life-course framework, affecting all stages of the lifespan, from fetus through child, adolescent, and young adult, to midlife/senior adult, with each stage involving different risks, consequences, prevention efforts, and treatment strategies.
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More than one in four American adults consume alcohol in quantities exceeding recommended limits. One in 12 have an alcohol use disorder marked by harmful consequences. Both types of alcohol misuse contribute to acute injury and c...
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More than one in four American adults consume alcohol in quantities exceeding recommended limits. One in 12 have an alcohol use disorder marked by harmful consequences. Both types of alcohol misuse contribute to acute injury and chronic disease, making alcohol the third largest cause of preventable death in the United States. Alcohol misuse alters the management of common conditions from insomnia to anemia. Primary care providers should screen adult patients to identify the full spectrum of alcohol misuse. A range of effective treatments are available from brief counselling interventions and mutual help groups to medications and behavioral therapies.
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Abstract Background A new ready‐to‐drink premixed high‐alcohol‐content beverage, called strong chū‐hai, was launched in Japan, and more recently, in Taiwan and Australia. We aimed to examine the popularity and association of...
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Abstract Background A new ready‐to‐drink premixed high‐alcohol‐content beverage, called strong chū‐hai, was launched in Japan, and more recently, in Taiwan and Australia. We aimed to examine the popularity and association of strong chū‐hai with individual alcohol use, both of which remained unclear. Methods We conducted a cross‐sectional study using data from the Japan “Society and New Tobacco” Internet Survey conducted from February 1 to 28, 2022, in Japan. We enrolled 27,993 respondents (aged 15 to 81?years; male 48.5%), including 15,083 current alcohol users. Using inverse probability weighting of data from the 2016 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions on Health and Welfare, we estimated the weighted proportions of strong chū‐hai users among all respondents and constructed multivariable logistic regression models to estimate the weighted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of strong chū‐hai use for hazardous and harmful alcohol use, defined as a score ≥8 of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, among current alcohol users. Results Among all respondents, 56.2% (weighted proportions: past, 35.9%; and current, 20.3%) drank strong chū‐hai. Among drinkers, both past and current strong chū‐hai use, compared to never use, were associated with hazardous and harmful alcohol use (past, OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.12; current, OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.79 to 2.69). Conclusions Our study found that more than half of the respondents experienced strong chū‐hai consumption, suggesting that it is widely used in Japan. In addition, both past and current strong chū‐hai use were associated with hazardous and harmful alcohol use among current alcohol users.
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Background: Relatively little is known about cross-country differences in alcohol affordability or factors that determine differences in affordability over time. This information is potentially important for alcohol policy, especi...
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Background: Relatively little is known about cross-country differences in alcohol affordability or factors that determine differences in affordability over time. This information is potentially important for alcohol policy, especially policies that focus on higher taxes or prices to reduce total alcohol consumption. This study estimates cross-country alcohol consumption relationships using economic models incorporating income and prices and alternative models based on alcohol affordability. The data and analysis are restricted to higher income countries. Methods: Data for alcohol consumption per capita (ages 15+) are analyzed for 2 samples: first, 17 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development for the period 1975 to 2000; second, 22 countries in the European Union for the period from 2000 to 2008. Panel data models are utilized, with country and time fixed-effects to control for confounding influences. In economic demand models, covariates are real per capita income and real alcohol price indices. In affordability models, income is divided by prices to yield an index of alcohol affordability. Results: Analysis of data trends reveals that much of the increase in affordability is due to rising real incomes, and not falling real prices. Economic models of demand perform slightly better statistically, but differences are not substantial as income and affordability are highly correlated. For both samples, exogenous rates of growth of alcohol consumption are negative. Price and income elasticities, on average, are within the range of prior estimates. Affordability elasticities are between 0.21 and 0.25. Conclusions: Although alcohol affordability is a valid concept statistically, its use in policy discussions tends to hide underlying causes of changes in affordability. A better approach is a comparison and analysis of trends and cross-country differences in real incomes and real alcohol prices together with the affordability index. Country-level analysis of income and price elasticities also is required.
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Zebrafish have become a popular animal model for studying the development of alcohol addiction. Several behavioral paradigms for studying alcohol addiction have been developed for zebrafish, including conditioned place preference,...
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Zebrafish have become a popular animal model for studying the development of alcohol addiction. Several behavioral paradigms for studying alcohol addiction have been developed for zebrafish, including conditioned place preference, alcohol-induced tolerance, and withdrawal. However, alcohol choice preference tasks have not been established in zebrafish as of yet. The ability of zebrafish to detect alcohol in their environment is required in alcohol choice or preference tasks. To our knowledge, it is currently unknown whether zebrafish are able to detect alcohol in their environment immediately following bath immersion. In the current study, we analyzed the time course of alcohol-induced behavioral changes of zebrafish while being immersed in alcohol solution in a 1.5 L tank. We recorded each trial in high-definition and quantified behavioral responses using automated video tracking-based and manual observation-based methods to quantify temporal changes in alcohol-induced behaviors. As alcohol is known to require several minutes of bath immersion to reach the brain in zebrafish, we argued that behavioral responses before this time point would prove zebrafish's ability to detect this substance in the water. Our results show that a 60-min exposure to 1% alcohol alters behavioral responses in a time-dependent manner. Notably, alcohol exposure significantly increased absolute turn angle, decreased distance to bottom, and variance of distance to bottom within the first 3 min immediately following exposure, a response that occurred before alcohol could reach the brain of the subjects in measurable amounts. These results imply that zebrafish are able to detect alcohol in their environment immediately following immersion into the drug solution.
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Background: Increasing alcohol-taxes has proven effective in reducing alcohol consumption, but the effects of alcohol sales taxes on sales of specific alcoholic beverages have received little research attention. Data on sales are ...
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Background: Increasing alcohol-taxes has proven effective in reducing alcohol consumption, but the effects of alcohol sales taxes on sales of specific alcoholic beverages have received little research attention. Data on sales are generally less subject to reporting biases than self-reported patterns of alcohol consumption. Objectives:We aimed to assess the effects of Maryland's July 1, 2011 three percentage point increase in the alcohol sales tax (64%) on beverage specific and total alcohol sales. Methods: Using county-level data on Maryland's monthly alcohol,sales gallons for 2010-2012, by beverage type, multilevel mixed effects multiple linear regression models estimated the effects of the tax increase, on alcohol: sales. We controlled for seasonality, county-characteristics, and national unemployment rates in the main analyses. Results: In the 18 months after, the tax increase, average per capita sales of spirits were 5.1% lower (p < 0.001), beer sales were 3.2% lower (p < 0.001), and wine sales were 2.5% lower (p 0:01) relative to what would have been expected from sales trends in the 18 months prior to the tax increase. Overall, the-alcohol sales tax increase was associated with-a 3.8% decline in total alcohol sold relative to what would have been expected based on sales in the prior 18 months (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The findings suggest,that increased alcohol sales taxes may be as effective as excise taxes in reducing alcohol consumption and related problems. Sales taxes also have the-added advantages of rising with inflation and taxing the highest priced beverages most heavily.
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