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The 2003 Italian Corporate Law Reform, establishing one-tier vs. two-tier board for listed and unlisted joint stock companies, introduced alternative corporate governance systems. This study implements probit regressions in order ...
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The 2003 Italian Corporate Law Reform, establishing one-tier vs. two-tier board for listed and unlisted joint stock companies, introduced alternative corporate governance systems. This study implements probit regressions in order to compare 548 unlisted firms: corporations with best performances in sales and capital structure, as well as those under “control and coordi- nation”, maintain a traditional system. Conversely, firms with a high proportion of individual shareholders adopt alternative systems. For alternative system firms, split between one-tier and two-tier boards, companies under “control and coordination” action tend to implement a one-tier system, same as firms with a higher proportion of individual shareholders.
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What are the similarities and differences between the corporate governance laws in Iran and Germany? Which is more compatible with the requirements of control? In comparison to the managerialism in Germany there is some kind of di...
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What are the similarities and differences between the corporate governance laws in Iran and Germany? Which is more compatible with the requirements of control? In comparison to the managerialism in Germany there is some kind of directorialism in Iran which works as a means of centralism in this country. Decision making, enforcement and inspector-ship are not duly separated from each other in Germany.?Key?words:?Corporate governance, Germany, Iran, two-tier system, one-tier system.
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The aerospace supply chain environment has become increasingly competitive, and tier-2 and tier-3 companies have been pressured to reach excellent performance levels. Thus, this paper aims to identify the critical success factors ...
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The aerospace supply chain environment has become increasingly competitive, and tier-2 and tier-3 companies have been pressured to reach excellent performance levels. Thus, this paper aims to identify the critical success factors (CSFs) in performance improvement and their level of influence. For this purpose, this research proposes a set of CSFs of aerospace sub-tiers performance, considering the supply chain and quality management perspectives, internal aspects and stakeholder expectations. A CSF conceptual model is elaborated based on a qualitative analysis of the literature, the authors' collective experience and a questionnaire submitted to tier-2 and tier-3 aerospace companies. Thus, this study offers a valuable approach to confirm the CSFs that influence aerospace sub-tiers performance and allows them to identify strengths and opportunities in their processes, so that they can develop action plans to improve their performance.
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Leading manufacturers have struggled to extend their green supply chain management (GSCM) efforts to low-tier (the second- and even lower-tier) suppliers, but how to motivate low-tier suppliers to be involved is still a big challe...
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Leading manufacturers have struggled to extend their green supply chain management (GSCM) efforts to low-tier (the second- and even lower-tier) suppliers, but how to motivate low-tier suppliers to be involved is still a big challenge. This paper develops a low-tier GSCM model for managing second-tier suppliers. Based on stakeholder theory and literature review, this paper develops 25 drivers for the ìnvolvement of second-tier suppliers in low-tier GSCM by a manufacturer. Using data collected from 29 second-tier suppliers of a leading automobile manufacturer, this study identified 17 critical drivers. The Grey-DEMATEL method was used to examine the cause-effect relationships to reveal prominent and elemental drivers. Based on the evaluation by managers from the manufacturer, one first-tier supplier, and six second-tier suppliers, comparative analysis of the DEMATEL results show that the manufacturer understands the prominent role of second-tier suppliers for its low-tier GSCM implementation while second-tier suppliers know little about the manufacturer’s requirements and the first-tier supplier ignores the importance of internal drivers by second-tier suppliers. In the long term, the manufacturer considers itself as the crucial firm for low-tier GSCM, but according to first- and second-tier suppliers, promoting policies by the government such as GSCM-related demonstration projects are also elemental. This study provides directions for multi-tier GSCM studies on the theoretical development about how to effectively involve second-tier suppliers by unveiling the difference in the understanding of drivers among firms along supply chains.
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This study empirically investigates how bank capital and competitive conditions affect bank risk-taking. Using financial data of 7620 banks on 118 countries from 2001 to 2016, we show that banks with a higher Tier 1 ratio and a lo...
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This study empirically investigates how bank capital and competitive conditions affect bank risk-taking. Using financial data of 7620 banks on 118 countries from 2001 to 2016, we show that banks with a higher Tier 1 ratio and a lower Tier 2 ratio are lower risk-takers. A bank with greater market power in a banking system tends to reduce its risk-taking activities. Our findings also highlight that the negative relationship between Tier 1 ratio and bank risk are more pronounced in more competitive conditions. During the financial crisis, Tier 1 capital acted as a stable funding source and reduced bank risk, but the evidence on Tier 2 capital shows that a higher Tier 2 ratio results in a higher level of risk and increases bank instability.
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This study adopted a quasi-experimental design with follow-up interview to develop a computer-based two-tier assessment (CBA) regarding the science topic of electric circuits and to evaluate the diagnostic power of the assessment....
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This study adopted a quasi-experimental design with follow-up interview to develop a computer-based two-tier assessment (CBA) regarding the science topic of electric circuits and to evaluate the diagnostic power of the assessment. Three assessment formats (i.e., paper-and-pencil, static computer-based, and dynamic computer-based tests) using two-tier items were conducted on Grade 4 (n = 90) and Grade 5 (n = 86) students, respectively. One-way ANCOVA was conducted to investigate whether the different assessment formats affected these students' posttest scores on both the phenomenon and reason tiers, and confidence rating for an answer was assessed to diagnose the nature of students' responses (i.e., scientific answer, guessing, alternative conceptions, or knowledge deficiency). Follow-up interview was adopted to explore whether and how the various CBA representations influenced both graders' responses. Results showed that the CBA, in particular the dynamic representation format, allowed students who lacked prior knowledge (Grade 4) to easily understand the question stems. The various CBA representations also potentially encouraged students who already had learning experience (Grade 5) to enhance the metacognitive judgment of their responses. Therefore, CBA could reduce students' use of test-taking strategies and provide better diagnostic power for a two-tier instrument than the traditional paper-based version.
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The simulation concept for grid-cloud services of contemporary HENP experiments of the Big Data scale was formulated in practicing the simulation system developed in LIT JINR Dubna. This system is intended to improve the efficienc...
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The simulation concept for grid-cloud services of contemporary HENP experiments of the Big Data scale was formulated in practicing the simulation system developed in LIT JINR Dubna. This system is intended to improve the efficiency of the design and development of a wide class of grid-cloud structures by using the work quality indicators of some real system to design and predict its evolution. For these purposes the simulation program is combined with a real monitoring system of the grid-cloud service through a special database (DB). The DB accomplishes acquisition and analysis of monitoring data to carry out dynamical corrections of the simulation. Such an approach allows us to construct a general model pattern which should not depend on a specific simulated object, while the parameters describing this object can be used as input to run the pattern. The simulation of some processes of the NICA-MPD-SPD Tier0-Tier1 distributed computing is considered as an example of our approach applications.
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Generalization of software systems is achieved mostly using configurable data elements, maintained outside. In the case of complex system, these configurable elements themselves are big and complex. So, we require separate softwar...
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Generalization of software systems is achieved mostly using configurable data elements, maintained outside. In the case of complex system, these configurable elements themselves are big and complex. So, we require separate software for maintaining them. These elements are maintained in a flat file or in database based on end- user requirement. Nowadays multiple-user, simultaneous support has become a basic requirement in a distributed system. Solutions based on two-tier and three-tier architecture exists. In this paper we wish to discuss the advantages of a simple three-tier architecture, in generalization of software systems, with "Multi-user telecommand directory using client-server architecture " software system as a case study.
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This paper explores approaches to governance of supply risks beyond first-tier suppliers and factors that contribute to a firm choosing a particular approach. A multiple-case design was deployed to compare and evaluate firms with ...
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This paper explores approaches to governance of supply risks beyond first-tier suppliers and factors that contribute to a firm choosing a particular approach. A multiple-case design was deployed to compare and evaluate firms with diverse characteristics. Data collected from six firms were coded, categorised, and aggregated into a delineation framework. The framework identifies four dynamic approaches that procurement managers can apply in governance of supply risks beyond first-tier suppliers, namely control, cooperate, trust and neglect. The choice of each approach is due to particular antecedent factors such as focal firm's ability to influence a first-tier supplier, its capability to manage risks in lower tiers, the ability of the first-tier supplier to manage risks in lower tiers, and trust between the focal firm and their first-tier supplier. The paper argues that procurement managers should primarily aim for the cooperation approach.
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Cloud computing is a paradigm that has the potential to transform and revolutionalize the next generation IT industry by making software available to end-users as a service. A cloud, also commonly known as a cloud network, typical...
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Cloud computing is a paradigm that has the potential to transform and revolutionalize the next generation IT industry by making software available to end-users as a service. A cloud, also commonly known as a cloud network, typically comprises of hardware (network of servers) and a collection of softwares that is made available to end-users in a pay-as-you-go manner. Multiple public cloud providers (e.g., Amazon) co-existing in a cloud computing market provide similar services (software as a service) to its clients, both in terms of the nature of an application, as well as in quality of service (QoS) provision. The decision of whether a cloud hosts (or finds it profitable to host) a service in the long-term would depend jointly on the price it sets, the QoS guarantees it provides to its customers, and the satisfaction of the advertised guarantees. In the first part of the paper, we devise and analyze three inter-organizational economic models relevant to cloud networks. We formulate our problems as non cooperative price and QoS games between multiple cloud providers existing in a cloud market. We prove that a unique pure strategy Nash equilibrium (NE) exists in two of the three models. Our analysis paves the path for each cloud provider to know what prices and QoS level to set for end-users of a given service type, such that the provider could exist in the cloud market. A cloud provider services end-user requests on behalf of cloud customers, and due to the uncertainty in user demands over time, tend to over-provision resources like CPU, power, memory, storage, etc., in order to satisfy QoS guarantees. As a result of over-provisioning over long timescales, server utilization is very low and the cloud providers have to bear unnecessarily wasteful costs. In this regard, the price and QoS levels set by the CPs drive the end-user demand, which plays a major role in CPs estimating the minimal capacity to meet their advertised guarantees. By the term 'capacity', we imply the ability of a cloud to process user requests, i.e., number of user requests processed per unit of time, which in turn determine the amount of resources to be provisioned to achieve a required capacity. In the second part of this paper, we address the capacity planning/optimal resource provisioning problem in single-tiered and multi-tiered cloud networks using a techno-economic approach. We develop, analyze, and compare models that cloud providers can adopt to provision resources in a manner such that there is minimum amount of resources wasted, and at the same time the user service-level/QoS guarantees are satisfied.
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