摘要 :
The definition of neighborhood is often ambiguous. The purpose of this paper is to offer clarity on one important aspect of its definition: its size. While there is already a voluminous literature on neighborhood concepts and defi...
展开
The definition of neighborhood is often ambiguous. The purpose of this paper is to offer clarity on one important aspect of its definition: its size. While there is already a voluminous literature on neighborhood concepts and definitions, few sources delve into the question of size explicitly, and in a historically and culturally comparative way. Based on an extensive literature review, five size-based categories of neighborhood are proposed: (1) small clusters and face blocks; (2) more than a block, but still face to face; (3) like a big high school; (4) Perry's neighborhood; and (5) the neighborhood expanded. Smaller neighborhoods are likely to prioritize social connectedness, while larger conceptions emphasize serviceability. Examples within each category are cross-cultural and cross-temporal, with many size regularities spanning more than one time period and more than one region.
收起
摘要 :
Objective To estimate the associations between neighborhood disadvantage and neighborhood affluence with breastfeeding practices at the time of hospital discharge, by race-ethnicity. Methods We geocoded and linked birth certificat...
展开
Objective To estimate the associations between neighborhood disadvantage and neighborhood affluence with breastfeeding practices at the time of hospital discharge, by race-ethnicity. Methods We geocoded and linked birth certificate data for 111,596 live births in New Jersey in 2006 to census tracts. We constructed indices of neighborhood disadvantage and neighborhood affluence and examined their associations with exclusive (EBF) and any breastfeeding in multilevel models, controlling for individual-level confounders. Results The associations of neighborhood disadvantage and affluence with breastfeeding practices differed by race-ethnicity. The odds of EBF decreased as neighborhood disadvantage increased for all but White women [Asian: Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.82 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69-0.97); Black: AOR 0.77 (95% CI 0.70-0.86); Hispanic: AOR 0.78 (95% CI 0.70-0.86); White: AOR 0.99 (95% CI 0.91-1.08)]. The odds of EBF increased as neighborhood affluence increased for Hispanic [AOR 1.19 (95% CI 1.08-1.31)] and White [AOR 1.12 (95% CI 1.06-1.18)] women only. The odds of any breastfeeding decreased with increasing neighborhood disadvantage only for Hispanic women [AOR 0.85 (95% CI 0.79-0.92)], and increased for White women [AOR 1.16 (95% CI 1.07-1.26)]. The odds of any breastfeeding increased as neighborhood affluence increased for all except Hispanic women [Asian: AOR 1.31 (95% CI 1.13-1.51); Black: AOR 1.19 (95% CI 1.07-1.32); Hispanic: AOR 1.08 (95% CI 0.99-1.18); White: AOR 1.30 (95% CI 1.24-1.38)]. Conclusions Race-ethnic differences in associations between neighborhood disadvantage and affluence and breastfeeding practices at the time of hospital discharge indicate the need for specialized support to improve access to services.
收起
摘要 :
In considering the influence of the neighborhood environment on cognitive function, little research has looked beyond the individual factors. Here, we conducted a study on 21,008 older adults aged 65 years and above in Hong Kong t...
展开
In considering the influence of the neighborhood environment on cognitive function, little research has looked beyond the individual factors. Here, we conducted a study on 21,008 older adults aged 65 years and above in Hong Kong to examine the cross-sectional associations of neighborhood economic disadvantage, recreational resources, walkability, library accessibility and physical activities on cognitive function and dementia. Both smaller and larger census tracts were adopted as proxies for neighborhoods. Using multilevel regression, neighborhood economic disadvantage was found to be associated with cognitive decline, net of individual features. This association was not explained by neighborhood built environment. Recreational environment was not a significant factor for older adults' cognitive function while library accessibility was. Neighborhood walkability was only related to dementia but not the cognitive function score. Physical activity can partly explain the relationship between neighborhood environment and cognitive function. No significant interaction effect was identified except on the educational level and neighborhood library accessibility. To conclude, late life residential environments are important contexts for aging. Aging-in-place interventions in Hong Kong should thus address neighborhood poverty, improve accessibility of libraries and walkability to reduce future risks of cognitive decline.
收起
摘要 :
This article examines the racial/ethnic population dynamics of ascending neighborhoods-those experiencing socioeconomic growth. Drawing on Census and American Community Survey data from 1990 to 2010, we first explore whether chang...
展开
This article examines the racial/ethnic population dynamics of ascending neighborhoods-those experiencing socioeconomic growth. Drawing on Census and American Community Survey data from 1990 to 2010, we first explore whether changes in racial/ethnic composition occur alongside ascent. We find that, while most neighborhoods' racial/ethnic composition does not dramatically change during this period, neighborhoods that experienced ascent are much more likely to transition from majority-minority to mixed race or predominantly White than nonascending neighborhoods. Then, we use microdata to analyze whether two potential drivers of ascent, the in-migration of higher-socioeconomic status (SES) households and changes in the fortunes of long-term residents, are racially/ethnically stratified. We argue that the process of neighborhood socioeconomic ascent perpetuates neighborhood racial/ethnic hierarchy. While most Black and Hispanic neighborhoods remain majority-minority, those that ascend are more likely to experience a succession of high-SES White residents replacing minority residents.
收起
摘要 :
Since the onset of the foreclosure crisis, many communities have faced a glut of properties that have completed the foreclosure process and are now owned by banks or other mortgage lenders. Policy-makers worry that large concentra...
展开
Since the onset of the foreclosure crisis, many communities have faced a glut of properties that have completed the foreclosure process and are now owned by banks or other mortgage lenders. Policy-makers worry that large concentrations of these properties, referred to as real estate owned' or REO,' impose spillover effects on the price of homes and quality of life in surrounding neighborhood. Despite receiving significant policy attention, our understanding of the size, nature, and distribution of current REO stocks, as well as what becomes of properties after being sold, is extremely limited or anecdotal. Our paper shines new empirical light on the REO problem in hard-hit neighborhoods by using local data sources to analyze recent REO trends in New York City and the core counties of the Atlanta and Miami areas. For each, we calculate the size of the REO stock over time in different neighborhood types, estimate the types of purchasers, and determine whether purchased REO properties are flipped.
收起
摘要 :
Quantitative segregation research focuses almost exclusively on the spatial sorting of demographic groups. This research largely ignores the structural characteristics of neighborhoods - such as crime, job accessibility, and schoo...
展开
Quantitative segregation research focuses almost exclusively on the spatial sorting of demographic groups. This research largely ignores the structural characteristics of neighborhoods - such as crime, job accessibility, and school quality - that likely help determine important household outcomes. This paper summarizes the research on segregation, neighborhood effects, and concentrated disadvantage, and argues that we should pay more attention to neighborhood structural characteristics, and that the data increasingly exist to include measures of spatial segregation and neighborhood opportunity. The paper concludes with a brief empirical justification for the inclusion of data on neighborhood violence and a discussion on policy applications.
收起
摘要 :
A neighborhood-based planning approach is increasingly seen as an essential part of a comprehensive urban planning process. However, increasing the density of established neighborhoods may have negative impacts on neighborhood str...
展开
A neighborhood-based planning approach is increasingly seen as an essential part of a comprehensive urban planning process. However, increasing the density of established neighborhoods may have negative impacts on neighborhood structure in regard to the issue of carrying capacity. The carrying capacity of a neighborhood may be examined under four components, including environment, infrastructure, urban public facilities, and socioeconomy. In this research, the carrying capacity issue has been examined in Tehran's established neighborhoods. The research method is quantitative and qualitative, using geo-spatial tools in Arc geographic information system (GIS) setting, the analytic hierarchy process method, interviews with experts, application of a Raster Analysis and GIS, and Point Density and Line Density. The collected indicators data were transformed through density analysis to Raster Layers. Then, the four selected components overlaid by "sum-weighted" regulations command obtaining the carrying capacity of the neighborhoods. The results showed that the carrying capacity potentials for the selected neighborhoods are less than the average score for all neighborhoods in Tehran. It can be said that the increasing density in established neighborhoods is quite different from new neighborhood developments. It may be possible only by considering a carrying capacity evaluation process.
收起
摘要 :
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The American Planning Association's (APA) annual Great Neighborhoods program was established to define the gold standard of neighborhoods in America. Using census and other data covering t...
展开
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The American Planning Association's (APA) annual Great Neighborhoods program was established to define the gold standard of neighborhoods in America. Using census and other data covering the 80 APA-designated Great Neighborhoods to date (2007 to 2014), we quantitatively assess whether good neighborhood form may be in conflict with the social goals of affordability and social diversity. We find that APA's Great Neighborhoods represent a somewhat classic conception of the historic, gentrifying urban neighborhood: walkable, gridded, and losing social diversity. APA Great Neighborhoods are apparently not able to buck the trend that desirable physical qualities lead correspondingly to lack of affordability and social diversity.Takeaway for practice: We argue that the APA should be sensitive to the connection between a strong sense of neighborhood identity and the potential for social exclusion in their Great Neighborhoods designation. The APA could give a special designation for neighborhoods that score well on the APA's criteria, but that also manage to retain affordability and social diversity. The APA could therefore use its Great Neighborhoods designation to recognize planning, policy, and design efforts in service of not only design excellence, but also social inclusion.
收起
摘要 :
Writing assessment was conducted using the orthographic neighborhood size as a numerical measure of transforming literacy to numeracy. The neighborhood size was calculated using the free online CLEARPOND technology from Northweste...
展开
Writing assessment was conducted using the orthographic neighborhood size as a numerical measure of transforming literacy to numeracy. The neighborhood size was calculated using the free online CLEARPOND technology from Northwestern University. The transformed numerical information can be viewed as a time series where fluctuation analysis could be applied. The concept of volatility used in stock market analysis was employed to analyze the fluctuation of the orthographic neighborhood sizes in short essays assigned to students in an introductory astronomy course offered by an open admission community college. The results showed that writing containing scientific words with low neighborhood sizes exhibited high volatility, consistent with high-demand cognitive tasks students were asked to perform. A random shuffling of the words in a sentence generated word-list sequences where the students would be asked to exercise rules of grammar to select the correct sequence. The hypothesis that the reading of a high volatility in the neighborhood size histogram would be expected to correspond to a high-demand cognitive task was tested in this exploratory project. The CLEARPOND output contained a list of phonological neighborhood sizes and the association of orthographic volatility with phonological volatility is also studied with additional examples from presidential debate sentences and song lyrics. This proof of concept volatility project brings stock market analysis, based on econometric methodology, into writing and language studies that demand precision comparison. The volatility analysis results in comparison to lexical diversity analysis results are also discussed.
收起
原文获取