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Floristic surveys make it possible for the beekeeper to determine the time of permanence of hives in a given location by determining the flowering. The objective was to carry out the floristic survey of remnants of a native forest...
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Floristic surveys make it possible for the beekeeper to determine the time of permanence of hives in a given location by determining the flowering. The objective was to carry out the floristic survey of remnants of a native forest in the region and areas of forest recovery for the purposes of conservation and production, in order to assist local beekeepers to define strategies for rational exploration and conservation of forest remnants and reforestation areas from western Paraná state. The plant surveys were carried out at the Experimental Stations (EE) of Entre Rios do Oeste (ERO) and Marechal Candido Rondon (MCR), both linked to the State University of Western Paraná (Unioeste) and at the Biological Refuge of Santa Helena (RB-SH), which is an Area of Relevant Ecological Interest (ARIE). At the EE of Unioeste, MCR and ERO, an area of 20 meters x 5 meters was delimited for each point, by the method of plots of fixed rectangular areas, and the collection of each species in the reproductive phase was carried out. To map plant collection areas, four points were georeferenced in each season. The collections were biweekly and monthly from December 2017 to November 2019. At RB-SH the method used was to walk the pre-existing ecological trails at the site and the survey was carried out by means of biweekly collections of botanical samples in the reproductive phase, between August 2017 and June 2018. One hundred and seventy-three (173) plants were collected, 121 of which were identified, 103 at the species level, nine at the genus level and nine at the family level, belonging to 41 botanical families. The general Shannon-Wiener index (H’) was 3.15 nats individual-1, with the values ??found being 2.30 nats individual-1 in MCR; 2.94 nats individual-1 in ERO and 4.22 nats individual-1 in RB-SH. Regarding similarity indices, the lowest value was observed between the sampled areas of RB-SH and MCR and the highest between ERO and RB-SH. It is concluded that the botanical families Poaceae and Myrtaceae, were representative in the analyzed honeys, being identified in the honey samples of Apis mellifera the pollen types Myrceugenia euosma, Urochloa arrecta, Triticum aestivum, Albizia niopoides, Avena sativa and Eugenia uniflora.
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The fitting of volume models by the traditional method (data obtained by means of scaling several trees), is the most used way to obtain volume equations. This method requires a lot of effort and is quite costly, therefore some al...
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The fitting of volume models by the traditional method (data obtained by means of scaling several trees), is the most used way to obtain volume equations. This method requires a lot of effort and is quite costly, therefore some alternatives have been developed to decrease the sampling of the number of trees and obtain results of estimates similar to that obtained by the traditional method, highlighting the mixed modeling applied to calibrate equations. In this work, the general objective of the research was to calibrate the Schumacher-Hall volume model by predicting random effects at the stand level and comparing it with the equations obtained using the traditional approach. The database is made up of 670 trees with ages varying from 1 to 10.75 years. The calibrations tested in the mixed model were using: (i) the largest tree of variable d for each stand; (ii) the two largest trees of variable d for each stand; (iii) the three largest trees in d for each stand; (iv) the four largest trees in d for each stand; (v) the five largest trees in d for each stand; (vi) the median tree for variable d in each stand; vii) one random tree in each stand; viii) three trees, being the smallest tree, the mean tree and the largest tree for the variable d for each stand; ix) three trees, being the mean tree, the mean tree minus two standard deviations and the mean tree plus two standard deviations for the variable d in each stand. The statistics for evaluating the equations were the coefficient of determination, the standard error of the estimate, the analysis of residuals, and the graphical analysis of the observed and estimated values. The results show that the volume equations can be calibrated at the stand level by sampling three trees: the average tree, the average tree plus two standard deviations, and the average tree minus two standard deviations. Considering that in the traditional method, 50 trees on average are measured in the forest inventory, the reduction of sampling in a new stand would be 94%.
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Progeny tests are strategies for ex situ genetic conservation and genetic improvement, as they allow the selection of genotypes of better quality and high productivity. However, the tree genetic improvement has not been properly a...
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Progeny tests are strategies for ex situ genetic conservation and genetic improvement, as they allow the selection of genotypes of better quality and high productivity. However, the tree genetic improvement has not been properly applied to native species of the Amazon region. We investigated if Parkia multijuga progenies have different silvicultural performance and if it is possible to cluster them into different performance classes. The experiment was settled in a complete random block design with 14 progenies, a total of 18 seedlings from each progeny planted in six blocks (252 plants). Three years after planting, the following variables were evaluated: diameter at breast height (DBH), total height, stem height, crown diameter, crown length, crown area, crown ratio, slenderness (S), range index (RI), salience index (SI), bifurcation occurrence, percentage of individuals with rectilinear stem and phytosanitary status. Survival, mean annual increment in height and diameter and the integrated response index (IRI = survival and increments) were also calculated. IRI varied about three times between the best and the worst progeny, of which the progenies 7, 6, 11 and 10 had the highest IRI values. The Principal Component Analysis of the most interesting silvicultural characteristics (IRI, DBH, GE, rectilinear stem, bifurcation, and phytosanitary status) allowed to group progenies 6, 7 and 11 among those with the best silvicultural performance. Most progenies showed intermediate and similar performance, being the worst performance for most traits related to the progeny 2. Progenies of Parkia multijuga diverge as to the silvicultural performance during the initial establishment of the plantations. Therefore, the grouping of progenies with better performance is fundamental in the selection of superior genetic material for the composition of productive plantations of this species in the Amazon region.
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This work aimed to carry out a regression analysis of the tapering of the stem of Corymbia citriodora. For this, 24 felled sample trees were cubed, providing the necessary data for the adjustment 46 fixed-effect (FE) taper models,...
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This work aimed to carry out a regression analysis of the tapering of the stem of Corymbia citriodora. For this, 24 felled sample trees were cubed, providing the necessary data for the adjustment 46 fixed-effect (FE) taper models, which were evaluated by means of a detailed regression analysis based on statistical criteria: graphical analysis of residuals, residual standard error, adjusted coefficient of determination, randomized block design in a split-plot scheme with subsequent application of the Dunnett test, mean absolute deviation, square root of mean error, sum of squares of relative residuals, standard deviation of differences, Akaike's information criterion and sum of squares of residuals. The EF model that most stood out among the 46 evaluated was adjusted by including the random effects of the diametric class and the H/D ratio (CHD), resulting in a mixed-effect equation (ME). Thus, the equations obtained FE and ME were evaluated by also adopting the statistical criteria referring to the significance of the estimation of the regression coefficients, regression assumptions regarding normality, homoscedasticity and independence of residues and maximum likelihood ratio test. It was concluded that a model with the best performance was the nonlinear exponent-form type with the inclusion of the CHD random effect, with expressive superiority in both the precision and the accuracy of the EM equation compared to the FE equation.
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The Madeira River basin is an example of an important portion of the Amazon region that is characterized by a high rate of conversion of forest into pastures and urban centers, evidencing an accelerated transformation in land cove...
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The Madeira River basin is an example of an important portion of the Amazon region that is characterized by a high rate of conversion of forest into pastures and urban centers, evidencing an accelerated transformation in land cover and use with significant anthropic activity over the last three decades, which configures a potential impact in terms of modifying the climate behavior of the region. The present work seeks to analyze, in the Madeira River basin, the hydroclimatic impacts through the study of the variability of the two main components of the water balance and the energy balance at the scale of a watershed, namely precipitation and evapotranspiration, with additional emphasis on the temperature, which has served as a world reference to specify and demarcate changes in climate, given its space-time dynamics of anthropic occupation. More specifically, the occupancy history was initially analyzed using MODIS images for the period 2001-2013. In addition, precipitation data from the CHIRPS satellite product (1981-2017), evapotranspiration data determined by the SSEBop algorithm (2002-2017) via the sensor that produces the MODIS image and surface temperature of the MODIS satellite product (2001-2017) were examined, being such information treated as geospatial variables distributed in the study area. An extensive evaluation study regarding the identification of the presence or not of linear hydroclimatic trends in the Madeira River basin was carried out using the Mann-Kendall test. Although some trends were captured in the analyzed time series, the results obtained also showed that, given the limited database currently available, there is not necessarily a direct and clear relationship between the effect of human occupation and the climate regime of the basin, in contrast to the scientific framework recommended worldwide warning of climate change in the Anthropocene. In part, the high climate variability in the study region imposes limits with respect to clearly understand and separate the signals that can be attributed to the change in land cover and use from the signals associated with climate change that act on broader spatio-temporal scales. In this sense, new studies on monitoring hydrometeorological and hydroclimatic phenomena with corresponding measurements at different scales should be encouraged to better understand the processes of aggregation and disaggregation of the physical mechanisms acting at the scale of a watershed.
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In some regions of Southern Brazil, historic silvopastoral systems, known as caívas in Santa Catarina State and faxinais in Paraná State, are used in remnants of Araucaria Forest. In these systems, the herbaceous stratum of the ...
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In some regions of Southern Brazil, historic silvopastoral systems, known as caívas in Santa Catarina State and faxinais in Paraná State, are used in remnants of Araucaria Forest. In these systems, the herbaceous stratum of the forest is composed of natural pasture on which animals graze. In order to better understand the impact of caívas on the conservation of the Araucaria Forest, the effects of different intensities of pasture management, mowing practices, and cattle grazing on natural regeneration were assessed. The experiment was carried out in eight caívas from 2015 to 2016, during which the forest regeneration was monitored every six months. Throughout the study period, 48 tree species that are characteristic of the Araucaria Forest were identified. In all evaluated scenarios, the regeneration of tree species was present, dynamic, and continuous in the caívas. The intensity of pasture use did not affect the indicators of diversity, species richness, and regeneration density. However, there was limited similarity among caívas with the same type of pasture management. Mowing had the greatest impact on regeneration, with a marked reduction in the density of regenerants, although it did not affect species richness. Given the abundance of species in the regeneration, including many species typical of advanced forest succession, it is possible to confirm that these systems present high levels of resilience with respect to the conservation of biodiversity, despite the occurrence of livestock grazing for generations. The results also indicate that it is possible to successfully implement strategies for pasture intensification in caívas. However, this practice must be associated with preservation strategies in forest areas that are more fragile and diverse, in order to ensure the system is sustainable across all dimensions.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the natural regeneration in permanent preservation areas (PPA) in forest restoration process after Pinus sp. harvest through the survey of phytosociological parameters.. The study was ca...
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the natural regeneration in permanent preservation areas (PPA) in forest restoration process after Pinus sp. harvest through the survey of phytosociological parameters.. The study was carried out in the PPA, associated with springs and rivers in two areas with different post-harvest ages of Pinus sp., being inserted in Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF - 7 years old) and Dense Ombrophilous Forest in transition (DOF/MOF - 12 years old) both in the Santa Catarina state. Nineteen rectangular plots with dimensions of 25 m x 4 m (100 m2) were allocated at random in each one of the areas, for the floristic-structural evaluation of the tree-shrub regenerative component. In the DOF in transition, 913 regenerating individuals of tree and shrub species were sampled, belonging to 90 species, 60 genera and 30 botanical families. The species with the highest importance value were Cupania vernalis (8.71%), followed by Bernardia pulchella (5.93%), Aureliana wettsteiniana (5.25%). At MOF, an area undergoing restoration in less time, 782 regenerating individuals of tree and shrub species were sampled, belonging to 62 species, 21 botanical families and 30 genera. The species with the highest importance value were Myrsine coriacea (10.06%), Solanum variabile (9.79%), Myrsine lorentziana (7.08%). Shannon’s diversity indexes were H’ = 3.76 for DOF in transition and H’ = 3.24 for MOF, and showed a high diversity of species, whereas the Pielou equability index obtained J = 0.81 for DOF in transition and J = 0.77 for MOF, showing high uniformity in the distribution of individuals in the species for the two areas. The diametric distribution of the individuals showed an “inverted J” pattern for both phytophysiognomies, behavior expected in native forests. The NMDS (Non-metric multidimensional scaling) presented a stress value of 9.81% indicating suitability of the ordering and allowing inferences to be made with reliability. Through the NMDS ordering, it was observed the formation of two distinct floristic-structural groups, associated with MOF phytophysiognomies and MOF/DOF transition. All plots inserted in MOF areas are grouped to the right in the ordering, while most plots inserted in the MOF/DOF transition area are grouped to the left of the ordering. The tree-shrub regenerative component evaluated in post-harvest areas of Pinus sp. at both phytophysiognomies has a great diversity of species with great importance for forest formation, being a favorable environment for the conservation of species and essential to guarantee the succession of the forest and the restoration resilience.
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Economic instability scenarios and reduction in charcoal consumption, such as those that occurred in 2009 and 2016, affect production and result in the maintenance of eucalyptus forests and an increase in the rotation age. The obj...
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Economic instability scenarios and reduction in charcoal consumption, such as those that occurred in 2009 and 2016, affect production and result in the maintenance of eucalyptus forests and an increase in the rotation age. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of wood from four Eucalyptus clones (clones 1, 2, 3, and 4) at the ages of 108 and 120 months and the charcoal produced in a rectangular kiln. We evaluated the heart/sapwood ratio, basic density, dry mass per hectare.year, and chemical composition . The carbonizations were performed in a rectangular kiln (210 m3 of wood). We determined the gravimetric yield and the charcoal properties: density, particle size and percentage of fines, friability index, proximate analysis, and mass of charcoal produced per hectare.year. We verified the significant effect of clones on basic density and dry mass, whose variations were from 494 to 589 kg m-3 and 12.47 to 23.34 ton.ha-1, respectively. The charcoal yield did not differ among clones (34.1%), while the yield of semicarbonized wood varied from 3.2% (clone 4) to 10.7% (clone 3). The particle size of 65% of the charcoal volume of clones 1 and 3 was greater than 30 mm, and 49.5% of clones 2 and 4. We found medium mechanical resistance for charcoal from all four clones. The apparent density ranged from 356 to 458 kg.m-3, with the highest average value for clone 3. We found the highest charcoal production for clones 1 and 2, 7.5 tons per hectare.year. The fixed carbon did not vary among clones (76.92%). The wood properties of the Eucalyptus clones at ages 108 and 120 months are suitable for charcoal production for metallurgical use. Clones 1 (a hybrid of E. urophylla x E. grandis) and 3 (a hybrid of E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis) stood out from the others.
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Considering the relevancy of the forests to retain rainfall waters and their strategic role to the recharge of subjacent aquifers, this study aimed to estimate the direct and natural recharge of the phreatic aquifer of the weather...
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Considering the relevancy of the forests to retain rainfall waters and their strategic role to the recharge of subjacent aquifers, this study aimed to estimate the direct and natural recharge of the phreatic aquifer of the weathering zone from the Serra Geral Formation basalts. The studied aquifer is under a Native Deciduous Seasonal Forest from an Atlantic Forest biome. In order to estimate the recharge to the phreatic aquifer, the Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) method was applied based on the time series analysis of water table and rainfall. The data was collected in the State Park of Turvo - PET (RS) during a 50 days period (from January to March). Sub-hourly groundwater level data were collected with automatic pressure meters (CTD) from three piezometers, for the systematic analysis. At the same time, rainfall data were collected inside the PET, from an experimental pluviometric station. The direct and natural recharge to the phreatic aquifer was estimated in 23% of the rainfall, for summer time. Mean time for the water table initial response was 8 to 10 hours.
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Soil biotic and abiotic characteristics are influenced by crop system in semiarid environments. Crop systems which promote soil organic carbon content at high levels could positively promote soil fauna diversity and soil quality. ...
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Soil biotic and abiotic characteristics are influenced by crop system in semiarid environments. Crop systems which promote soil organic carbon content at high levels could positively promote soil fauna diversity and soil quality. Our aim with this study was to evaluate the effects of crop systems (No-tillage vs. Integrated crop-livestock-forestry system) on soil chemical properties, soil fauna composition, and soil quality in a Planossolo at semiarid environment from Brazilian Northeast. Combining protocols for soil chemical characterization and soil fauna extraction and identification, we observed that both crop systems studies increased soil organic carbon and available P when compared to control treatment. We found 11 orders plus 3 larvae groups (Larvae of Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera) from soil fauna organisms, however, only Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera were significantly affected (p < 0.01) by crop systems. We also observed that soil quality index in all crop systems studies was higher than in the control treatment, and it corroborates with the follow hypothesis that crop system which consider habitat and energy maintenance for soil fauna contributes to a diverse soil food web establishment that favours soil nutrient cycling. Our results highlight the importance to consider crop systems which promotes soil organic carbon and ideal condition into soil ecosystem to sustain a diverse and function soil fauna community in semiarid conditions.
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