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Successful efforts to address specific needs for governance have given rise to an Arctic Ocean regime complex encompassing a sizable collection of individual elements not related to one another in any hierarchical fashion. The den...
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Successful efforts to address specific needs for governance have given rise to an Arctic Ocean regime complex encompassing a sizable collection of individual elements not related to one another in any hierarchical fashion. The density of this regime complex is likely to increase during the coming years. At the same time, the globalization of the Arctic has altered conditions affecting the complex in ways that require attention. As a result, we argue, a coordination mechanism is needed to ensure the efficacy of this dynamic complex going forward. Following a survey of the evolving seascape of Arctic maritime cooperation, we assess the roles the Arctic Council and other non-state actors are playing in the development and implementation of individual elements of this regime complex. These roles are significant. But these actors lack both the authority and the capacity to coordinate the Arctic Ocean regime complex effectively. The negotiation of an Arctic Ocean Treaty to meet this need is not feasible at this juncture. We conclude that it would be helpful at this time to organize a high-level but informal Arctic Ocean Governance Conference including representatives of a broad selection of stakeholders to explore options for addressing the growing need for coordination of the Arctic Ocean regime complex.
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The concept of international regime complexity offers a useful lens for examining the increasing density of international institutions in global governance. A growing literature in International Political Economy (IPE) identifies ...
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The concept of international regime complexity offers a useful lens for examining the increasing density of international institutions in global governance. A growing literature in International Political Economy (IPE) identifies clusters of overlapping institutions in many important policy areas, yet some scholars argue that complexity undermines governance effectiveness, while others perceive distinct advantages over unified institutions. To bring coherence to these findings, we present a general theoretical framework that characterizes regime complexes based on two structural features: Authority relations and institutional differentiation. These dimensions jointly determine the opportunities and constraints that states and other actors confront as they navigate institutional rules. As a result, they shape important outcomes, such as policy adjustment, regime shifting and competitive regime creation. The article proposes testable hypotheses regarding the effects of authority and differentiation, and we assess their correspondence with the eight regime complexes examined by the five companion articles in this special issue. We further identify a set of dynamic processes that shape the evolution of regime complexes over time. Our framework strengthens the foundation for comparative analysis of regime complexes and charts a new agenda for the research program.
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By some accounts, invasive species pose the second greatest threat to global biodiversity after habitat destruction. In addition to their ecological impacts, invasive species cause a wide range of economic and social damages. In r...
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By some accounts, invasive species pose the second greatest threat to global biodiversity after habitat destruction. In addition to their ecological impacts, invasive species cause a wide range of economic and social damages. In recent years, scholars and policy officials have called for recalibration of U.S. invasive species policy, with some advocating a tightly integrated policy regime addressing a broad spectrum of activity, including predictive assessment of invasion pathways, prevention of introduction and spread, control of established populations, eradication of selected populations, and establishment of high-level coordination bodies. In this paper, I draw upon the policy integration literature and apply a regime construct to review the proposition that the existing mix of U.S. invasive species policies can and should be more tightly integrated. By way of conclusion, I suggest that the current policy mix is not exhausted and recommend a program evaluation process framed to characterize and assess factors and conditions that might influence the comparative effectiveness of strategic alternatives to integration, such as coping and taming.
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In a recent Letter, Matsui et al. reported a highly unusual feature that the real part of the complex dielectric constant (ε = ε_1 + iε_2) at 16.3 GHz on λ-(BEDT-TSF)_2FeCl_4 was enhanced anomalously to the order of 10~3 in a ...
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In a recent Letter, Matsui et al. reported a highly unusual feature that the real part of the complex dielectric constant (ε = ε_1 + iε_2) at 16.3 GHz on λ-(BEDT-TSF)_2FeCl_4 was enhanced anomalously to the order of 10~3 in a temperature region from the metal-to-insulator transition temperature T_(MI)(=8.3 K) to a second-order phase transition temperature, which was labeled as T_(FM)(=70K) by the authors. In this comment, however, we argue that the large positive ∈_1 was an artifact brought by the incorrect analysis of the measured data. Below, we show that the sign and the magnitude of ∈_1 for T_(MI) < T < T_(FM) strongly depends on the value of the so-called "metallic shift", γ/n.
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The structural characteristics of phytoplankton, including its species and taxonomic diversity, biomass, and the complex of dominant species, and seasonal dynamics of the content of oxygen dissolved in water in different sections ...
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The structural characteristics of phytoplankton, including its species and taxonomic diversity, biomass, and the complex of dominant species, and seasonal dynamics of the content of oxygen dissolved in water in different sections of the Teterev river were investigated. The samples of phytoplankton were taken at the following stations: the head water of the Zhitomir reservoir, the tail water of the Zhitomir reservoir, the river section of the Teterev river located downstream of the town of Zhitomir. Relationship was established between the biomass of plankton algae and the content of oxygen dissolved in water.
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We study the transport of quantum correlations across a chain of interacting spin-1/2 particles. As a quantitativefigure of merit, we choose a symmetric version of quantum discord and compare it with the transportedentanglement, a...
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We study the transport of quantum correlations across a chain of interacting spin-1/2 particles. As a quantitativefigure of merit, we choose a symmetric version of quantum discord and compare it with the transportedentanglement, addressing various operating regimes of the spin medium. Discord turns out to be better transportedfor a wide range of working points and initial conditions of the system. We relate this behavior to the efficiencyof propagation of a single excitation across the spin chain. Moreover, we point out the role played by a magneticfield in the dynamics of discord in the effective channel embodied by the chain. Our analysis can be interestinglyextended to transport processes in more complex networks and the study of nonclassical correlations undergeneral quantum channels.
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Southeast Asia is beset by a host of maritime security threats including illegal fishing, piracy, smuggling and environmental crimes. Institutions responding to these issues have proliferated. This article systematically maps and ...
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Southeast Asia is beset by a host of maritime security threats including illegal fishing, piracy, smuggling and environmental crimes. Institutions responding to these issues have proliferated. This article systematically maps and demonstrates this new complexity and fragmentation using original empirical data. Focusing on blue crimes rather than territorial disputes, it argues that fragmentation, a non-hierarchical proliferation of arrangements, is a key driver of regional cooperation on maritime security, and that while conflict overlap and duplication are present between arrangements, the development of trust and collective identification between actors is having an overall positive effect on regional cooperation. The article further argues that this emerges from fragmentation in two ways. First, fragmentation creates more opportunities for sustained interaction, which can habituate cooperation due to the expanding web of meetings. Second, fragmentation, when well-managed, exposes an expanding set of actors to these trust-building processes. The article therefore provides new perspectives on regional dynamics and the state of cooperation in the field of maritime security.
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The dikes and related intrusions formed below small volcanoes in volcanic fields are remnants of the simplest volcanic plumbing systems. Their geometry is controlled by interaction of magma-driven cracks with country rock, and rev...
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The dikes and related intrusions formed below small volcanoes in volcanic fields are remnants of the simplest volcanic plumbing systems. Their geometry is controlled by interaction of magma-driven cracks with country rock, and reveals regional structural and stress patterns at the time of their emplacement The shallow stress field, however, may change during the time an intrusion complex is emplaced, in response to addition or removal of magma and country rock during associated surface eruptions. The Jagged Rocks Complex, in the Miocene Hopi Buttes Volcanic Field, Navajo Nation, Arizona, is exposed 300-350 m below the pre-eruptive surface. It comprises a group of generally NW-SE striking dikes, punctuated in places by buds, a saucer-like intrusion, larger pyrodastic massifs and a diatreme. We made measurements of 13 dikes, divided into 172 segments, with thicknesses from 8 to 122 cm (mean 43 cm) and lengths of 60 to 780 m. Several sills and inclined sheets in places are thicker than dikes, having mean thicknesses of 48 cm and 73 cm respectively. Dikes typically show straight, parallel, and en echelon patterns, while sills and inclined sheets are curved. The northwestern dikes differ from the rest in containing large mafic crystals, and are inferred to have been emplaced after the others. We find that the strike of the overall complex (dikes and other sheets, elongate massifs and aligned sub-cylindrical bodies) reflects a crystalline-basement control that is evident throughout Hopi Buttes. Over the period of the complex's emplacement, local stress patterns were not stable. We infer that excavation of deep maar craters, and perhaps the construction of a scoria cone at the surface, modified the local stress patterns to favor emplacement of sills and en echelon dikes later in the complex's evolution, in contrast to simple straight dikes as the complex first formed. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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One of the key roles of the English National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) is technology appraisal. This essentially involves evaluating the cost effectiveness of pharmaceutical products and other technologie...
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One of the key roles of the English National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) is technology appraisal. This essentially involves evaluating the cost effectiveness of pharmaceutical products and other technologies for use within the National Health Service. Based on a content analysis of key documents which shed light on the nature of appraisals, this paper draws attention to the multiple layers of uncertainty and complexity which are latent within the appraisal process, and the often socially constructed mechanisms for tackling these. Epistemic assumptions, bounded rationality and more explicitly relational forms of managing knowledge are applied to this end. These findings are discussed in the context of the literature highlighting the inherently social process of regulation. A framework is developed which posits the various forms of uncertainty, and responses to these, as potential conduits of regulatory bias-in need of further research. That NICE's authority is itself regulated by other actors within the regulatory regime, particularly the pharmaceutical industry, exposes it to the threat of regulatory capture. Following Lehoux, it is concluded that a more transparent and reflexive format for technological appraisals is necessary. This would enable a more robust, defensible form of decision-making and moreover enable NICE to preserve its legitimacy in the midst of pressures which threaten this.
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Issues of modeling abnormal situations in AC traction electromechanical complexes with IGBT converters of supply voltage of traction induction motors are considered. Structures of protection systems in the form of Petri backbone n...
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Issues of modeling abnormal situations in AC traction electromechanical complexes with IGBT converters of supply voltage of traction induction motors are considered. Structures of protection systems in the form of Petri backbone networks are presented.
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