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Discussions of Ryle's regress argument against the "intellectualist legend" have largely focused on whether it is effective against a certain view about knowledge how, namely, the view that knowledge how is a species of propositio...
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Discussions of Ryle's regress argument against the "intellectualist legend" have largely focused on whether it is effective against a certain view about knowledge how, namely, the view that knowledge how is a species of propositional knowledge. This is understandable, as this is how Ryle himself framed the issue. Nevertheless, this focus has tended to obscure some different concerns which are no less pressing-either for Ryle or for us today. More specifically, I argue that a version of Ryle's regress confrontsanyview according to which the intelligence manifested in action must be inherited from purely inner mental causes. I recommend an alternative account of the metaphysics of intelligent action, which avoids this commitment.
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The structural dynamics of polymers and simple liquids confined at the nanometer scale has been intensively investigated in the last two decades in order to test the validity of theories on the glass transition predicting a charac...
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The structural dynamics of polymers and simple liquids confined at the nanometer scale has been intensively investigated in the last two decades in order to test the validity of theories on the glass transition predicting a characteristic length scale of a few nanometers. Although this goal has not yet been reached, the anomalous behavior displayed by some systems -e.g. thin films of polystyrene exhibit reductions of T_g exceeding 70K and a tremendous increase in the elastic modulus- has attracted a broad community of researchers, and provided astonishing advancement of both theoretical and experimental soft matter physics. 1D confinement is achieved in thin films, which are commonly treated as systems at thermodynamic equilibrium where free surfaces and solid interfaces introduce monotonous mobility gradients, extending for several molecular sizes. Limiting the discussion to finite-size and interfacial effects implies that film thickness and surface interactions should be sufficient to univocally determine the deviation from bulk behavior. On the contrary, such an oversimplified picture, although intuitive, cannot explain phenomena like the enhancement of segmental mobility in proximity of an adsorbing interface, or the presence of long-lasting metastable states in the liquid state. Based on our recent work, we propose a new picture on the dynamics of soft matter confined in ultrathin films, focusing on non-equilibrium and on the impact of irreversibly chain adsorption on the structural relaxation. We describe the enhancement of dynamics in terms of the excess in interfacial free volume, originating from packing frustration in the adsorbed layer (Guiselin brush) at t~? 《 1, where t~? is the ratio between the annealing time and the time scale of adsorption. Prolonged annealing at times exceeding the reptation time (usually t~? 》 1) induces densification, and thus reduces the deviation from bulk behavior. In this Colloquium, after reviewing the experimental approaches permitting to investigate the structural relaxation of films with one, two or no free surfaces by means of dielectric spectroscopy, we propose several methods to determine gradients of mobility in thin films, and then discuss on the unexploited potential of analyses based on the time, temperature and thickness dependence of the orientational polarization via the dielectric strength.
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How to practice copyright law internationally at present?~1 To start, I shall give some background on the perspective with which I approach this inquiry. Then I shall touch on some problems that recent developments raise for analy...
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How to practice copyright law internationally at present?~1 To start, I shall give some background on the perspective with which I approach this inquiry. Then I shall touch on some problems that recent developments raise for analyzing issues in cross-border copyright cases. Finally, I shall outline some guidelines for counsel in such cases.~2
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Some young children are able to create stunningly realistic drawings resembling those of adult artists. What perceptual abilities underlie this talent? This study examined two candidate skills on which adult artists excel: the abi...
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Some young children are able to create stunningly realistic drawings resembling those of adult artists. What perceptual abilities underlie this talent? This study examined two candidate skills on which adult artists excel: the ability to segment a complex form mentally (measured by the Block Design Task) and the ability to see hidden forms (measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test). Sixty-seven 6- to 13-year-olds with a wide range of drawing abilities completed these tasks as well as an IQ test and an observational drawing task. While children who scored high on drawing realism outperformed those who scored low in drawing realism on both perceptual tasks, only detection of embedded figures predicted drawing realism. This occurred independently of age, gender, years of training, and verbal and non-verbal IQ. There are certainly many contributors to this complex ability, but one component appears to be the tendency to see things more as they really are and thereby recognize the continuous contour of an object despite interference from other overlapping objects.
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The impact melt that records the formation time of basins is essential for the understanding of the lunar bombardment history. To better understand melt distribution on the Moon, this study investigates mixing of melt by small imp...
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The impact melt that records the formation time of basins is essential for the understanding of the lunar bombardment history. To better understand melt distribution on the Moon, this study investigates mixing of melt by small impacts using a Monte Carlo numerical model. The obtained mixing behavior is then integrated into a larger scale model developed in previous work. While large impacts produce most of the melt volume in both the regolith and megaregolith, we find that the dominant source of melt near the surface is small impacts. Material in the top meter is affected mainly by impacts that form craters <5 km in diameter. In the uppermost 10 cm, melt with age <0.5 Ga is abundant;while as depth increases older melt is increasingly present. This may indicate that the excess of impact melt <0.5 Ga in lunar samples from the near surface is caused by the cumulative mixing of small impacts. A comparison of the age distribution of melt derived from craters of different sizes with that of impact glass constrains the size of spherule-forming impacts. Our model is consistent with observations if most impact glass spherules from the near surface are produced by <100 m craters and >100 m craters do not contribute abundant spherules. The distribution of the datable melt with depth is also analyzed, which is essential for future sampling missions. Excavated materials of young and large craters (>100 m on highlands;>10 km on maria) appear to be the most fruitful targets.
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This article reviewed the literature comparing true and false memories. Although false memory experience is typically characterized as compellingly similar to true memory experience, research also indicates many distinctions betwe...
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This article reviewed the literature comparing true and false memories. Although false memory experience is typically characterized as compellingly similar to true memory experience, research also indicates many distinctions between these two types of memory. The primary focus of this article was on comparing these two types of memory in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm on a number of independent and dependent measures. Studies that compared true and false memories in recall and recognition rates over retention intervals, as a function of list word presentation duration, list presentation repetition, in recall and recognition latencies, output serial position, phenomenological experiences (conscious and unconscious discrimination between these two types of memories), and neurophysiological processes were reviewed. The conclusion is that the degree to which false memory is experienced and observed as similar to or the same as true memory is a function of a number of variables in the process of acquiring and measuring the memory.
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The origin and radiation of the major metazoan groups can be elucidated by phylogenomic studies, but morphological evolution must be inferred from embryology and morphology of living organisms. According to the trochaea theory, pr...
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The origin and radiation of the major metazoan groups can be elucidated by phylogenomic studies, but morphological evolution must be inferred from embryology and morphology of living organisms. According to the trochaea theory, protostomes are derived from a holoplanktonic gastraea with a circumblastoporal ring of downstream-collecting compound cilia (archaeotroch) and a nervous system comprising an apical ganglion and a circumblastoporal nerve ring. The pelago-benthic life cycle evolved through the addition of a benthic adult stage, with lateral blastopore closure creating a tubeshaped gut. The archaeotroch became differentiated as prototroch, metatroch and telotroch in the (trochophora) larva, but was lost in the adult. The apical ganglion was lost in the adult, as in all neuralians. Paired cerebral ganglia developed from the first micromere quartet. The circumblastoporal nerve became differentiated into a pair of ventral nerve cords with loops around mouth (the anterior part of the blastopore) and anus. Almost all new information about morphology and embryology fits the trochaea theory. The predicted presence of a perioral loop of the blastoporal nerve ring has now been demonstrated in two annelids. Alternative ‘intercalation theories’ propose that planktotrophic larvae evolved many times from direct-developing ancestors, but this finds no support from considerations of adaptation.
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This study investigates the effect of ozone (O_3) deposition on ground level O_3 concentrations and subsequent human health and ecosystem risk under hot summer "heat wave" type meteorological events. Under such conditions, extende...
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This study investigates the effect of ozone (O_3) deposition on ground level O_3 concentrations and subsequent human health and ecosystem risk under hot summer "heat wave" type meteorological events. Under such conditions, extended drought can effectively "turn off" the O_3 vegetation sink leading to a substantial increase in ground level O_3 concentrations. Two models that have been used for human health (the CMAQ chemical transport model) and ecosystem (the DO _3SE O_3 deposition model) risk assessment are combined to provide a powerful policy tool capable of novel integrated assessments of O _3 risk using methods endorsed by the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. This study investigates 2006, a particularly hot and dry year during which a heat wave occurred over the summer across much of the UK and Europe. To understand the influence of variable O_3 dry deposition three different simulations were investigated during June and July: (i) actual conditions in 2006, (ii) conditions that assume a perfect vegetation sink for O_3 deposition and (iii) conditions that assume an extended drought period that reduces the vegetation sink to a minimum. The risks of O_3 to human health, assessed by estimating the number of days during which running 8 h mean O_3 concentrations exceeded 100 μg m ~(-3), show that on average across the UK, there is a difference of 16 days exceedance of the threshold between the perfect sink and drought conditions. These average results hide local variation with exceedances between these two scenarios reaching as high as 20 days in the East Midlands and eastern UK. Estimates of acute exposure effects show that O_3 removed from the atmosphere through dry deposition during the June and July period would have been responsible for approximately 460 premature deaths. Conversely, reduced O_3 dry deposition will decrease the amount of O_3 taken up by vegetation and, according to flux-based assessments of vegetation damage, will lead to a reduction in the impact of O_3 on vegetation across the UK. The new CMAQ-DO_3SE model was evaluated by comparing observation vs. modelled estimates of various health related metrics with data from both urban and rural sites across the UK; although these comparisons showed reasonable agreement there were some biases in the model predictions with attributable deaths at urban sites being over predicted by a small margin, the converse was true for rural sites. The study emphasises the importance of accurate estimates of O_3 deposition both for human health and ecosystem risk assessments. Extended periods of drought and heat wave type conditions are likely to occur with more frequency in coming decades, therefore understanding the importance of these effects will be crucial to inform the development of appropriate national and international policy to mitigate against the worst consequences of this air pollutant.
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Some dialogues are perceived as running more smoothly than others. To some extent that impression could be related to how well speakers adapt their prosody to each other. Adaptation in prosody can be signaled by the use of pitch a...
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Some dialogues are perceived as running more smoothly than others. To some extent that impression could be related to how well speakers adapt their prosody to each other. Adaptation in prosody can be signaled by the use of pitch accents that indicate how utterances are structurally related to those of the interlocutor (prosodic function) or by copying the interlocutor's prosodic features (prosodic form). The same acoustic features, such as pitch, are involved in both ways of adaptation. Further, function and form may require a different prosody for successful adaptation in certain discourse contexts. In this study we investigate to what extent interlocutors are perceived as good adapters, depending on whether the prosody of both speakers is functionally coherent or similar in form. This is done in two perception tests using prosodically manipulated dialogues. Results show that coherent functional prosody can be a cue for speaker adaptation and that this cue is more powerful than similarity in prosodic form.
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The pelagic Sargassum community represents an excellent model system to advance our understanding of how a complex habitat can influence biotic interactions. This study examined the habitat architecture of pelagic Sargassum fluita...
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The pelagic Sargassum community represents an excellent model system to advance our understanding of how a complex habitat can influence biotic interactions. This study examined the habitat architecture of pelagic Sargassum fluitans to determine its effects on habitat selection for one shrimp species (Leander tenuicornis) and two fish species (StephanoUpis hispidus and Histrio histrio). Specifically, we manipulated interthallus spacing and depth of Sargassum habitats independently (i.e., in separate experimental trials) to test whether spatial components of habitat architecture influence habitat selection by these animal inhabitants. Additionally, two differing habitats (Sargassum vs intermingled seagrass species, Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme) were tested to determine whether structural components of habitat architecture influenced habitat selection. Results showed no significant effect of habitat selections for interthallus spacing experiments for L. tenuicornis and S. hispidus. However, H. histrio selected habitats with medium interthallus spacing characteristics in two experiments. All three animals selected habitats with a greater depth aspect. Finally, L. tenuicornis and H. histrio selected habitats with greater structural complexity (i.e., Sargassum habitat). These results demonstrate that habitat architecture (i.e., spatial and structural components) of Sargassum influences habitat selection by the aforementioned fauna and further illustrate that this pelagic macroalga is an essential habitat for multiple species.
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