摘要 :
The health external costs of the electricity generation alternatives associated to a sugar ethanol factory are investigated. Two scenarios of power generation facilities have been analyzed in this study: the first scenario (existi...
展开
The health external costs of the electricity generation alternatives associated to a sugar ethanol factory are investigated. Two scenarios of power generation facilities have been analyzed in this study: the first scenario (existing) combines a bagasse cogeneration unit with a diesel combustion engines and the second scenario (future) the diesel engines are substituted by a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) fed with ethanol and integrated into the sugar factory. The health impacts referred as Years of Life Loss (YOLL) for the two proposed scenarios are estimated applying the Uniform World Model (UWM). Monetary values of damage costs related to human health per kW h of generated electricity are determined, as well as its influence on the total production cost. Therefore, the results of the external costs evaluation, shows that the use of a SOFC technology involves a reduction of health impacts in 25.76 YOLL year~(-1) (12%) and external costs of 52,175 US$ year~(-1) (12%), as well as a reduction of the electricity cost of 0.05 US$ cent per kW h in comparison with the existing scenario (bagasse cogeneration and diesel combustion engines). The inter-nalization of this external cost would increase the production cost and the electricity price by more than 30% and 10%, respectively.
收起
摘要 :
Abstract This study analyzes the impact of large anti‐lockdown protests on the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Germany. Since protesters at such large gatherings are very mobile and largely neglect SARS‐CoV‐2 containment strategies, ...
展开
Abstract This study analyzes the impact of large anti‐lockdown protests on the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Germany. Since protesters at such large gatherings are very mobile and largely neglect SARS‐CoV‐2 containment strategies, they may contribute to the regional transmission of the coronavirus. Employing novel data on bus connections of travel companies specialized in driving protesters to these gatherings, and exploiting the timing of two large‐scale demonstrations in November 2020, we estimate the causal impact of these protests on the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 using an event study framework. Our findings imply sizable increases in infection rates in protesters' origin regions after these demonstrations. A month after the protests, treated areas face a relative increase in infection rates up to 35% compared to non‐treated areas. Our results shed light on public health consequences of behavior that ignores potential externalities for the society during a pandemic.
收起
摘要 :
? 2022 Elsevier LtdThis paper investigates the impact of spousal and own retirement on health in urban China. To identify the causal impact of retirement on the health outcomes of the couple, we exploit the discontinuity in retire...
展开
? 2022 Elsevier LtdThis paper investigates the impact of spousal and own retirement on health in urban China. To identify the causal impact of retirement on the health outcomes of the couple, we exploit the discontinuity in retirement rate at the gender-specific legal retirement ages, and apply a fuzzy regression discontinuity design using data from four waves of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The estimates suggest that spousal retirement would exert significant influence on an individual's health and health behaviour. We also find that the health effects of spousal and own retirement exhibit different patterns for men and women. Men's self-rated health and subjective well-being tend to be negatively affected by their own retirement, while women's physical and mental health are both positively influenced by the retirement of their husbands. The retirement-induced change in marital bargaining environment may serve as one underlying mechanism for the retirement effects on health.
收起
摘要 :
While women are more active in the labour force than ever, they are still doing most of the housework. Despite the important roles that women play in both the workplace and family life, limited literature has examined the health i...
展开
While women are more active in the labour force than ever, they are still doing most of the housework. Despite the important roles that women play in both the workplace and family life, limited literature has examined the health impact of women's labour force status on their spouses. Using data from the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), this paper estimates how women's retirement affects their spouses' subjective health. To this end, we implement a regression discontinuity design. The results indicate that the retirement of women imposes a negative externality on their husbands' health.
收起
摘要 :
This paper considers an oligopolistic market for a
vaccine, characterized by negative network effects,
which stem from the free‐riding behavior of individuals
engaged in a vaccination game. Vaccine markets
often suffer from t...
展开
This paper considers an oligopolistic market for a
vaccine, characterized by negative network effects,
which stem from the free‐riding behavior of individuals
engaged in a vaccination game. Vaccine markets
often suffer from three imperfections: high concentration,
network effects, and a health externality (contagion).
The first conclusion of the paper is that the
negative network externality is important as a market
distortion, as it may lead to significant welfare losses.
The second and main part of the paper develops a twopart
per‐unit subsidy scheme that a social planner
could use to target both consumers and producers of
vaccines. The scope of such a subsidy scheme to induce
the firms to produce the first‐best output without
network effects (which is the most ambitious first‐best
target) is investigated. In many cases, while the firstbest
is attainable, it requires negative prices for
vaccines, which amounts to rewarding consumers to
induce them to vaccinate.
收起
摘要 :
This paper estimates two sources of benefits related to sanitation infrastructure access: a direct benefit households receive when they have access to sanitation infrastructure, and an external benefit produced by the neighborhood...
展开
This paper estimates two sources of benefits related to sanitation infrastructure access: a direct benefit households receive when they have access to sanitation infrastructure, and an external benefit produced by the neighborhood's access to sanitation infrastructure. Using a sample of children under age four from rural areas of India in the Third Round of District Level Household Survey 2007-08, the study demonstrates evidence of positive direct benefits and a concave positive externality for improved sanitation and fixed-point defecation. The paper finds that a child who moves from a household without improved sanitation and a low ratio of village access to a household with improved sanitation and a high ratio of village access enjoys a reduction in diarrhea prevalence of 47 percent. From this, one-fourth of this benefit is due to the direct benefit, leaving the rest to external gains. These results hold under several robustness checks.
收起
摘要 :
This paper examines a theoretical model designed to
characterize a static, individual vaccination decision
environment. I identify and characterize both equilibrium
and socially optimal vaccination behavior and
determine how t...
展开
This paper examines a theoretical model designed to
characterize a static, individual vaccination decision
environment. I identify and characterize both equilibrium
and socially optimal vaccination behavior and
determine how this behavior changes as the effectiveness
of the vaccine changes. I also evaluate the
individual and social welfare implications of a change
in vaccine effectiveness. I find that under certain
conditions, an increase in vaccine effectiveness can
decrease the number of agents vaccinating in equilibrium
due to the positive external effects of vaccination.
Notably, it is also possible for individual and total
welfare to decrease. This is an undesirable, and
perhaps unexpected, consequence of better vaccines.
Fortunately, welfare at the social optimum always
increases as vaccine effectiveness increases. However,
equilibrium behavior often falls short of the social
optimum due to the positive externalities created by
vaccinating.
收起
摘要 :
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is of growing concern globally and AMR status in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is undefined due to a lack of real-time data recording, surveillance and regulation. World Health Organization (WHO) Joint Ex...
展开
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is of growing concern globally and AMR status in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is undefined due to a lack of real-time data recording, surveillance and regulation. World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) reports are voluntary, collaborative processes to assess country capacities and preparedness to prevent, detect and rapidly respond to public health risks, including AMR. The data from SSA JEE reports were analysed to gain an overview of how SSA is working towards AMR preparedness and where strengths and weaknesses lie. SSA country JEE AMR preparedness scores were analysed. A cumulative mean of all the SSA country AMR preparedness scores was calculated and compared to the overall mean SSA JEE score. AMR preparedness indicators were analysed, and data were weighted by region. The mean SSA AMR preparedness score was 53% less than the overall mean SSA JEE score. East Africa had the highest percentage of countries reporting having AMR National Action Plans in place, as well as human and animal pathogen AMR surveillance programmes. Southern Africa reported the highest percentage of countries with training programmes and antimicrobial stewardship. The low mean AMR preparedness score compared to overall JEE score, along with the majority of countries lacking implemented National Action Plans, suggests that until now AMR has not been a priority for most SSA countries. By identifying regional and One Health strengths, AMR preparedness can be fortified across SSA with a multisectoral approach.
收起
原文获取