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The objective of this article is to analyze wage inequality among the 10 largest metropolitan regions in Brazil in the 1990s. We assess the extent to which worker characteristics (education, age, gender, race, position in the fami...
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The objective of this article is to analyze wage inequality among the 10 largest metropolitan regions in Brazil in the 1990s. We assess the extent to which worker characteristics (education, age, gender, race, position in the family) and job characteristics (occupational position, sector, experience) can explain wage inequality. The analysis is made both with regional-nominal and with regional-real wage data. In the second case regional price indexes are used to control for differences in cost of living among regions. Wage differentials in Brazil were slightly lowered when control variables were introduced, but the leftover inequality remained high. The results indicate that cost of living levels do have a role in explaining wage inequality in Brazil, but even after controlling for this factor, the remaining regional differentials are still important.
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During the 1990s Finland's economy went from deep recession to becoming among the most innovative and competitive within merely a decade. Economic recovery driven by the surge of information and communication technology (ICT)-rela...
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During the 1990s Finland's economy went from deep recession to becoming among the most innovative and competitive within merely a decade. Economic recovery driven by the surge of information and communication technology (ICT)-related industries with the active support of the higher education system gave way also to growing inequalities among regions, especially within graduate workers. This paper elaborates an empirical analysis of the returns to education of a cohort entering the labour force between 1995 and 2005; the objective is to capture the extent of spatial and occupational determinants on income distribution as Finland slid from its most troubled to its most prosperous times.
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The aim of this study is to empirically investigate the reasons for regional disparities in educational expansion in Germany (i.e., rising rates of general university entrance qualification) on the basis of theoretically relevant ...
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The aim of this study is to empirically investigate the reasons for regional disparities in educational expansion in Germany (i.e., rising rates of general university entrance qualification) on the basis of theoretically relevant influencing factors: changes in school policies, changes in social structure, or general social modernization processes. We pay special attention to the legal framework of schools, which has changed at different times in the German states. Our analysis is based on data from the National Educational Panel Study and on a database on the development of schooling regulations in the German states after World War II. For the analysis, we use two-way crossed random-effects models. Our analyses show that the modernization of school structures is only associated with increasing individual opportunities to access higher school education. However, this association disappears when controlling for social structure and cohort sequence. Rather, the educational expansion of the recent decades is characterized by a changed social structure and, in small parts, by general social modernization processes. In light of our findings, we argue that educational policy adapts school structures to societal changes, opens up new opportunities, yet at the same time reproduces and exacerbates educational inequality.
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For the mostly young refugees who arrived in Germany around 2015/2016, completing vocational education and training (VET) represents the most promising opportunity for professional and social integration. However, access opportuni...
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For the mostly young refugees who arrived in Germany around 2015/2016, completing vocational education and training (VET) represents the most promising opportunity for professional and social integration. However, access opportunities to VET are characterized by spatial inequalities: German districts vary considerably according to labour market structure, economic productivity and demographic development, which constitute the supply and demand for training places in the dual VET sector, to which refugees predominantly have access. This paper examines if the transition chances of young refugees aged 18-30 to VET depend on their place of residence. For this, we analysed the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees (n = 5216) using multi-level discrete-time event history analysis. On the supply side, higher economic productivity (measured by GDP), a low unemployment rate and a greater number of small versus large businesses in the district are positively associated with refugees' transition chances. On the demand side, an increasing number of school leavers with no school-leaving certificate and of refugees in the district are negatively associated with the respective chances. Our results suggest that spatial characteristics essentially matter for young refugees' training opportunities and thus support recommendations to reform current distribution policies, in which central spatial contextual factors remain largely disregarded.
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Since the 1980s, educational reforms in China have decentralized administration and finance and privatized costs. These changes have emerged in the context of rapid economic growth and rising regional economic disparities. The ref...
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Since the 1980s, educational reforms in China have decentralized administration and finance and privatized costs. These changes have emerged in the context of rapid economic growth and rising regional economic disparities. The reforms have mobilized new resources in support of education, but they have also exacerbated regional disparities in funding for schools. Analyses of tends in school finance and expenditures have emerged, but detailed studies of the shifting ties between geography and educational outcomes in the population have not.Using 2000 census data on year and location of birth and educational attainment, we begin to address this gap. We compare the links between birth province and educational outcomes across 5-year birth cohorts to illuminate trends in region-based inequalities. Results show that the percent of variation in years of schooling explained by birth province declined for cohorts born through the early 1960s, and then increased thereafter. Additional analyses use a dissimilarity index to characterize the strength of the link between geography and access to each level of schooling. This index indicates that the link between geography and access to primary school has greatly increased across cohorts, as the few without access to primary school are ever more concentrated in poor areas. The link between birth province and access to subsequent levels of schooling shows mixed trends through cohorts born in the early 1960s: stability for junior high school and a weakening trend for senior high school and college. Thereafter, the dissimilarity index increased, substantially for junior high school and slightly for senior high school and college. Results attest to the enduring significance of geography as an educational stratifier in China. More broadly, results suggest the importance of regional inequalities in conditioning the relationship between development and educational stratification.
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This paper uses a balanced dataset extracted from the European Community Household Panel data survey for 94 regions over the period 1995-2000 to examine the relationship between income and educational inequalities in the regions o...
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This paper uses a balanced dataset extracted from the European Community Household Panel data survey for 94 regions over the period 1995-2000 to examine the relationship between income and educational inequalities in the regions of the European Union. It highlights the importance of geography and institutions in accounting for the economic performance of the European regions. The regression results suggest a positive relationship between income and educational inequalities, which have evolved differently across welfare regimes. Using different designs of spatial weights matrices which concern not only distance, but also the welfare regime, this paper shows that both spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity matter for inequalities.
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This paper introduces some relevant policy-oriented approaches that measure the economic impact of development on social inequality. Gini inequality is often used because of its flexible nature and both grouped and individual data...
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This paper introduces some relevant policy-oriented approaches that measure the economic impact of development on social inequality. Gini inequality is often used because of its flexible nature and both grouped and individual data are considered to reflect a clear influence on the changes in Gini inequality. First, the estimation of the Lorenz curve, a concept that is closely associated with Gini inequality, is illustrated. Next, using individual data, I deduce the factors influencing the increase or decrease in the inequality. I present an empirical illustration derived from a Vietnamese survey data of 5938 households' consumption expenditure, a part of Vietnam Living Standards Survey 1997-1998.
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Identifying the causes of psychiatric and physical symptoms in asylum seekers, refugees and other migrants and making definitive diagnoses can be challenging. Ethical and legal challenges in the UK include the likely deterrent eff...
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Identifying the causes of psychiatric and physical symptoms in asylum seekers, refugees and other migrants and making definitive diagnoses can be challenging. Ethical and legal challenges in the UK include the likely deterrent effects of upfront charging for National Health Service (NHS) services. This paper focuses on the fictitious case of an asylum seeker presenting to a mental health service in England, highlighting some of the difficulties in assessing and treating this patient group and providing advice to clinicians on clinical and practical management. Current NHS entitlements for migrants are summarised and a list is presented in the online supplement of non-governmental organisations that can provide further support.
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This study assessed competing predictions from neoclassical human capital and social reproduction theories regarding the role of students’ gender, class and racial status in determining high school curriculum placement, early pos...
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This study assessed competing predictions from neoclassical human capital and social reproduction theories regarding the role of students’ gender, class and racial status in determining high school curriculum placement, early post secondary job destination and wage attainment. Our findings support predictions from reproductive theories in that they revealed significant class, race and gender disparities in students’ educational and employment outcomes, even after accounting for workers prior achievement. These findings have important implications for two fields of research: education and labor market inequality, especially within the context of the education literature where institutional processes are often assumed to be neutral. Moreover, our results highlighted the mechanisms underpinning high school curriculum tracking that discriminate against race, class and gender subgroups. We conclude with a discussion on policy recommendations and suggestions for future research.
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In India, the National Education Policy 2020 recommends ensuring universal access to high-quality early childhood care and education for children aged 3–6 years by 2030. Using the 75th round of National Statistical Office data (2...
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In India, the National Education Policy 2020 recommends ensuring universal access to high-quality early childhood care and education for children aged 3–6 years by 2030. Using the 75th round of National Statistical Office data (2017–2018), this paper analyses the regional and socioeconomic inequalities in access to pre-primary education. Also, we investigate the specific role of households’ economic status and educational attainment in explaining these inequalities. We find considerable regional (rural/urban) and socioeconomic inequalities in access to pre-primary education in India, with girls and children belonging to historically disadvantaged social groups (scheduled castes and scheduled tribes) less likely to attend early childhood education, particularly in rural areas. We find that a substantial portion of the rural–urban gap in access to pre-primary education can be removed by controls for households’ economic condition and household head’s educational status. In addition, we find gender and socioeconomic inequalities in the household investment in early years education. These findings highlight the need to put policy efforts and commitments to reducing barriers to accessing pre-primary education for children in disadvantaged conditions in India.
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