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Background: Delayed emergency department (ED) LOS has been associated with increased mortality and increased hospital length of stay (LOS) for various patient populations. Trauma patients often require significant effort in evalua...
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Background: Delayed emergency department (ED) LOS has been associated with increased mortality and increased hospital length of stay (LOS) for various patient populations. Trauma patients often require significant effort in evaluation, workup, and disposition; however, patient and hospital characteristics associated with increased LOS in the ED for trauma patients remain unclear.
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Cocrystals are important molecular adducts that have many advantages as a means of modifying the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients, including taste masking and improved solubility, bioavailability, an...
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Cocrystals are important molecular adducts that have many advantages as a means of modifying the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients, including taste masking and improved solubility, bioavailability, and stability. As a result, the discovery of new cocrystals is of great interest to commercial drug discovery programs. Time-consuming manual analysis of the large volumes of data that emerge from large-scale cocrystal screening programs of up to 1000s of preparations poses a challenge. Raman spectroscopy has been shown to discriminate between cocrystals and physical mixtures and is easy to automate, allowing rapid screening of large numbers of potential cocrystals, but the spectral features that encode the information are often subtle (e.g., slight changes in peak positions or intensities). We have employed an automated signal processing routine based on a sparse decomposition algorithm to speed up the data processing steps while maintaining the accuracy of a trained spectroscopist. We used our algorithm to screen 31 potential cocrystal preparations and found that through the use of a computationally generated threshold, we could achieve a clear classification of cocrystals and physical mixtures in less than a minute, compared to several hours manually.
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A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of three new chemical entities (NCEs), of the class of aryloxy-su...
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A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of three new chemical entities (NCEs), of the class of aryloxy-substituted aryl piperazines, in rat liver S9 fraction. S9 fraction samples (0.1 mL) were simply extracted with 2%, isopropanol in diethyl ether and the extracts analyzed by HPLC with the detection of the analytes in the selective ion recording (SIR) mode. The determination of the analytes was accurate and reproducible, with a limit of quantification of 50 ng/mL for all the analytes in rat liver S9 fraction. The standard calibration curve for the analytes was linear over the concentration range 50-4000 ng/mL. Analysis accuracy and precision over the concentration range were lower than +/-15%. This method offered significant increase in the analytical throughput, which is illustrated by the 'N-in-One' study of metabolic stability of the compounds in rat liver S9 fractions. The quantitative results from the 'N-in-One' procedure correlated well with those obtained from conventional discrete analyses. In addition, the samples were reanalyzed to allow for detection of the metabolites formed during the same incubation. The metabolites were first characterized by nominal mass measurement of the corresponding protonated molecules. Subsequent tandem mass spectrometry allowed confirmation of the detected metabolites. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. [References: 10]
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High-throughput reactions of aqueous solutions of 4-(phosphonomethyl)benzoic acid (H_3PMBC) with metal salts were carried out using, for the first time, ultrasonication as well as the previously described conventional heating. On ...
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High-throughput reactions of aqueous solutions of 4-(phosphonomethyl)benzoic acid (H_3PMBC) with metal salts were carried out using, for the first time, ultrasonication as well as the previously described conventional heating. On screening the influence of 12 divalent metal ions, two new compounds ([Ca(H_2O)_2(H_2PMBC)_2] and [Ni(H_2O)_4(H_2PMBC)_2]) were discovered. Their formation fields were established by systematically studying the systems Ni~(2+) or Ca~(2+)/H_3PMBC/KOH. Both compounds crystallise in the space group P1 ([Ca(H_2O)_2(H_2PMBC)_2]: a = 4.6806(9) ?, b = 6.1340(12) ?, c = 17.932(4) ?, α = 83.84(3)°, β = 89.03(3)°, γ = 85.65(3)°; [Ni(H_2O)_4(H_2PMBC)_2]: a = 4.7713(10) ?, b = 6.8621(14) ?, c = 16.598(3) ?, α = 83.42(3)°, β = 89.71(3)°, γ = 83.50(3)°) and contain MO_6-octahedra linked to form chains by hydrogen bonded (H_2PMBC~-)_2-dimers formed between the carboxylate groups. The formation of [Ni(H_2O)_4(H_2PMBC)_2] was studied by in situ EDXRD and in situ IR spectroscopy. The increased formation rate of [Ni(H_2O)_4(H_2PMBC)_2] under ultrasonic irradiation as compared to conventional heating could be unequivocally attributed to the faster dissolution of the ligand H_3PMBC.
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Estimating the throughput of a WiFi connection can be quite complex, even when considering simple scenarios. Indeed, the varying number of parameters specified in the standards makes it hard to understand their impact in terms of ...
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Estimating the throughput of a WiFi connection can be quite complex, even when considering simple scenarios. Indeed, the varying number of parameters specified in the standards makes it hard to understand their impact in terms of delay and throughput. The main contribution of this work is to present a scheme to compute the exact maximum throughput for an IEEE802.11g network. The proposed scheme incorporates all the timings and settings, which allow one to calculate the throughput for different channel spacing and modulation techniques specified in the standard. Experimental and simulated results show the accuracy of the proposed scheme.
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In this paper we present a mathematical technique for determining the optimum transmission rate and power in wireless system that have multi-carriers for OFDM modulation in downlink transmission. The throughput is defined as the n...
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In this paper we present a mathematical technique for determining the optimum transmission rate and power in wireless system that have multi-carriers for OFDM modulation in downlink transmission. The throughput is defined as the number of bits per second correctly received. Trade-offs between the throughput and the operation range are observed, and equations are derived for the optimal choice of the design variables. The transmitter has a fixed amount of maximum power level to send data. Our goal is the Development of a method of adaptation of power transmission which maximizes the throughput of the systems that have multi-carrier for OFDM modulation in a downlink transmission.
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High-throughput screening (HTS) has achieved widespread popularity over the last two to three decades in drug discovery. Characterized by its simplicity, rapidness, low cost, and high efficiency, HTS can minimize the time span of ...
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High-throughput screening (HTS) has achieved widespread popularity over the last two to three decades in drug discovery. Characterized by its simplicity, rapidness, low cost, and high efficiency, HTS can minimize the time span of drug discovery noticeably. Robotic technologies and analytic technologies are two central components of HTS, and significant progress of the technologies has been reported recently. In addition, microfluidics has emerged as a promising technology in HTS with eligible potential. Lastly, although automated synthesis is not generally seen as a part of HTS, there is a great desire for the development of high throughput synthesis to generate compound libraries and its integration into HTS. Herein the most recent advancements in the four above mentioned fields are reviewed.
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A serious limitation of the conventional comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis) is the restriction on the number of samples that can be processed in one experiment, imposed by the size of the electrophoresis platform. One a...
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A serious limitation of the conventional comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis) is the restriction on the number of samples that can be processed in one experiment, imposed by the size of the electrophoresis platform. One approach to increasing throughput is to reduce the size of gels. We here compare the conventional system of two large gels on a microscope slide, with two recent developments, namely 12 minigels per slide, and a format with 96 minigels on GelBond? film. We used cells treated with X-rays or methylmethanesulphonate (MMS). The level of damage detected (% tail DNA) in X-irradiated or MMS-treated cells was not affected by the format used. Parallel experiments, using all three formats, were performed with MMS-treated cells in two independent laboratories; the difference in results between the two laboratories was of borderline significance. The potential problem of anomalous comets seen at the border of the gel, the so-called 'edge effects', has been addressed. A reliable, high throughput comet assay has applications in genotoxicity testing (particularly for in vivo studies with samples from different organs) as well as ecogenotoxicology and human biomonitoring, where the numbers of samples collected can be considerable. ? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
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Many microbes in their natural habitats are found in biofilm ecosystems attached to surfaces and not as free-floating (planktonic) organisms. Furthermore, it is estimated that nearly 80% of human infections are associated with bio...
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Many microbes in their natural habitats are found in biofilm ecosystems attached to surfaces and not as free-floating (planktonic) organisms. Furthermore, it is estimated that nearly 80% of human infections are associated with biofilms. Biofilms are traditionally defined as three-dimensional, structured microbial communities that are attached to a surface and encased in a matrix of exopolymeric material. While this view of biofilm largely arises from in vitro studies under static or flow conditions, in vivo observations have indicated that this view of biofilms is essentially true only for foreign-body infections on catheters or implants where biofilms are attached to the biomaterial. In mucosal infections such as chronic wounds or cystic fibrosis or joint infections, biofilms can be found unattached to a surface and as three-dimensional aggregates. In this work, we describe a high-throughput model of aggregate biofilms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using 96-well plate hanging-drop technology. We show that MRSA forms surface-independent biofilms, distinct from surface-attached biofilms, that are rich in exopolymeric proteins, polysaccharides, and extracellular DNA (eDNA), express biofilm-related genes, and exhibit heightened antibiotic resistance. We also show that the surface-independent biofilms of clinical isolates of MRSA from cystic fibrosis and central catheter-related infections demonstrate morphological differences. Overall, our results show that biofilms can form by spontaneous aggregation without attachment to a surface, and this new in vitro system can model surface-independent biofilms that may more closely mimic the corresponding physiological niche during infection. IMPORTANCE The canonical model of biofilm formation begins with the attachment and growth of microbial cells on a surface. While these in vitro models reasonably mimic biofilms formed on foreign bodies such as catheters and implants, this is not the case for biofilms formed in cystic fibrosis and chronic wound infections, which appear to present as aggregates not attached to a surface. The hanging-drop model of biofilms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the major causative organism of skin and soft tissue infections, shows that these biofilms display morphological and antibiotic response patterns that are distinct from those of their surface-attached counterparts, and biofilm growth is consistent with their in vivo location. The simplicity and throughput of this model enable adoption to investigate other single or polymicrobial biofilms in a physiologically relevant setting.
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Nauclea latifolia root (NLR) extract is one of phytochemicals used to treat various ailments in most of developing countries. This investigation focuses on modelling, optimization and computer-aided simulation of phenolic solid-li...
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Nauclea latifolia root (NLR) extract is one of phytochemicals used to treat various ailments in most of developing countries. This investigation focuses on modelling, optimization and computer-aided simulation of phenolic solid-liquid extraction from NLR. The extraction experiments were conducted at extraction temperature (ET: 33.79–76.21 °C), process time (PT: 2.79–4.21 h) and solid-liquid ratio (SLC: 0.007929–0.018355 g/ml). Regression models (RM) were developed, using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in Design Expert software, for predicting and optimizing total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) and also compared with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) modelling in Matlab environment. Aspen Batch Process Developer (ABPD) V10 was used to simulate phenolic extract production and perform material balance of the process. Both Coefficients of determination (R2) of RSM (TFC: 0.9996, TPC: 0.9932) and ANFIS models (TFC: 0.99998, TPC: 0.9982) were compared and predicted satisfactorily. Optimization results show: ET (2.79 h), PT (38.8 °C), SLC (0.0198 g/ml), TFC (25.92 25.92 μg RE/g) and TPC (8.47 mg GAE/g). The phenolic extraction base case simulation results gave batch throughput, annual throughput, number of batches per year 0.0089 g/batch, 0.139 g/year and 1019 batches, respectively. The ABPD predicted TPC and experimental TPC results were compared and gave mean relative deviation error of 3.75%. Thus, ABPD simulation model is reasonably reliable for the scale-up design engineering of the phenolic extract production from NLR.
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