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The peritoneal cavity is important in clinical medicine because of its use as a portal of entry for drugs utilized in regional chemotherapy and as a means of dialysis for anephric patients. The barrier between the therapeutic solu...
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The peritoneal cavity is important in clinical medicine because of its use as a portal of entry for drugs utilized in regional chemotherapy and as a means of dialysis for anephric patients. The barrier between the therapeutic solution in the cavity and the plasma does not correspond to the classic semipermeable membrane but instead is a complex structure of cells, extracellular matrix, and blood microvessels in the surrounding tissue. New research on the nature of the capillary barrier and on the orderly array of extracellular matrix molecules has provided insights into the physiological basis of osmosis and the alterations in transport that result from infusion of large volumes of fluid. The anatomic peritoneum is highly permeable to water, small solutes, and proteins and therefore is not a physical barrier. However, the cells of the mesothelium play an essential role in the immune response in the cavity and produce cytokines and chemokines in response to contact with noncompatible solutions. The process of inflammation, which depends on the interaction of mesothelial, interstitial, and endothelial cells, ultimately leads to angiogenesis and fibrosis and the functional alteration of the barrier. New animal models, such as the transgenic mouse, will accelerate the discovery of methods to preserve the functional peritoneal barrier.
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The objective of this study was to establish a technique to isolate porcine mesothelial cells (PMCs) from omental tissue and to compare them to human mesothelial cells (HMCs). The PMCs were dispersed by collagenase digestion and i...
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The objective of this study was to establish a technique to isolate porcine mesothelial cells (PMCs) from omental tissue and to compare them to human mesothelial cells (HMCs). The PMCs were dispersed by collagenase digestion and isolated on a Ficoll layer. Their morphologic and ultrastructural features were assessed at confluence by light and electronic microscopy, and they were characterized by immunohistochemistry using specific HMC markers. PMC proliferation was studied in the presence of growth factors platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) or transforming growth factors beta1, beta2, or beta3 (TGF). Fibrinolytic PMC activity was detected by zymography for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and by reverse zymography for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). The recalcification time of cell lysates was used to define PMC procoagulant activity, and gelatinase zymography was used to detect metalloproteinase production. At confluence, PMCs formed typical cobblestone monolayers and exhibited structural features characteristic of HMCs. Weibel Palade bodies were never seen. Specific HMC markers (HBME1, ME1, WT1) cross-reacted with PMCs. As HMCs and PMCs coexpressed cytokeratin and vimentin, and also expressed vinculin and alpha-actin. Addition of PDGF or EGF to the culture medium stimulated PMC proliferation. PMCs constitutively expressed fibrinolytic and procoagulant activity and secreted MMP9 and MMP2. The technique described in this study allows isolation of mesothelial cells from porcine omental tissue. These porcine cells exhibit a mesothelial phenotype and functional properties similar to those of HMCs. Our data warrant an evaluation of mesothelial cells as targets in several therapeutic strategies with porcine models.
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Mesenchymal stroma cells (MSCs) have potential as an emerging cell therapy for treating many different diseases, but discovery of the practical sources of MSCs is needed for the large-scale clinical application of this therapy. Th...
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Mesenchymal stroma cells (MSCs) have potential as an emerging cell therapy for treating many different diseases, but discovery of the practical sources of MSCs is needed for the large-scale clinical application of this therapy. This study was to identify MSCs in peritoneal dialysis (PD) effluents that were discarded after PD. The effluents were collected from patients who were on the dialysis for less than 1 month. Adherent cells from the effluents were isolated by incubation in serum-containing medium in plastic culture dishes. Cell surface markers were determined by a flow cytometric analysis, and the in vitro differentiation to chondrocytes, osteocytes or adipocytes was confirmed by staining with a specific dye. After four passages, these isolated cells displayed the typical morphology of mesenchymal cells in traditional 2-D cultures, and were grown to form spherical colonies in 3-D collagen cultures. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the unsorted cells from all of seven patient samples showed robust expression of typical mesenchymal marker CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD166, and the absence of CD34, CD79a, CD105, CD271, SSEA-4, Stro-1 and HLA-DR. In differentiation assays, these cells were induced in vitro to chondrocytes, osteocytes or adipocytes. In conclusion, this preliminary study suggests the presence of MSCs in the "discarded" PD effluents. Further characterization of the phenotypes of these MSCs and evaluation of their therapeutic potential, particularly for the prevention of PD failure, are needed.
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For decades, it has been known that the serous cavities, which include the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities, harbour large numbers of macrophages. In particular, due to the ease of isolating these cells, the peritoneal...
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For decades, it has been known that the serous cavities, which include the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities, harbour large numbers of macrophages. In particular, due to the ease of isolating these cells, the peritoneal cavity has been used as a convenient source of macrophages to examine many facets of macrophage biology over the last 50–60?years. Despite this, it is only recently that the true heterogeneity of serous cavity mononuclear phagocyte compartment, which includes macrophages and dendritic cells, has been revealed. Advances in technologies such as multi-parameter flow cytometry and the ‘OMICs’ revolution have uncovered the presence of distinct populations of mononuclear phagocytes in the serous cavities. Given that peritoneal macrophages have been implicated in many pathologies, including peritonitis, pancreatitis, endometriosis and acute liver injury, it is imperative to understand the biology of these cells. Here, we review the recent advances in understanding the identity, origin and function of discrete serous cavity mononuclear phagocyte subsets in homeostasis and how these may change when homeostasis is perturbed, focusing on peritoneal and pleural cavities and highlighting differences in the mononuclear phagocytes found in each.
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Recently there has been an increasing enthusiasm for using natural orifices translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) to perform scarless abdominal procedures. We have previously reported the feasibility and safety of the transvesic...
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Recently there has been an increasing enthusiasm for using natural orifices translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) to perform scarless abdominal procedures. We have previously reported the feasibility and safety of the transvesical endoscopic peritoneoscopy in a long-term survival porcine model as useful for those purposes. Herein, we report our successful experience performing transvesical and transdiaphragmatic endoscopic approach to the thoracic cavity in a long-term survival study in a porcine model.
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The peritoneal cavity plays an important role in the immune response, and intraperitoneal administration is an ideal vaccination route in fish. However, immune responses in the peritoneal cavity of teleost fish are still not compl...
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The peritoneal cavity plays an important role in the immune response, and intraperitoneal administration is an ideal vaccination route in fish. However, immune responses in the peritoneal cavity of teleost fish are still not completely characterized. This study characterized the morphology of peritoneal cavity cells (PerC cells) and their composition in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Flow cytometric analysis of the resident PerC cells revealed two populations varying in granularity and size. One population, approximately 15.43% ± 1.8%, was smaller with a lower granularity, designated as lymphocytes. The other population of the cells, about 78.17% ± 3.52%, was larger with higher granularity and was designated as myeloid cells. The results of cytochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy indicated that peritoneal cavity in flounder normally contains a resident population of leukocytes dominated by granulocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. The percentages of IgM+, CD4+, G-CSFR+, MHCII+, and CD83+ leukocytes among PerC cells determined by flow cytometry were 3.13% ± 0.4%, 2.83% ± 0.53%, 21.12% ± 1.44%, 27.11% ± 3.30%, and 19.64% ± 0.31%, respectively. Further, the changes in IgM+, CD4+, G-CSFR+, MHCII+, and CD83+ leukocytes in flounder after Vibrio anguillarum infection and immunization were compared. The composition changed rapidly after the infection or vaccination treatment and included two stages, a non-specific stage dominated by phagocytes and a specific immune stage dominated by lymphocytes. Due to the virulence effectors of bacteria, the infected group exhibited a more intense and complicated PerC cells immune response than that of the immunization group. Following our previous study, this is the first report on the morphology and composition of PerC cells and the early activation of PerC cells in flounder response to V. anguillarum infection and vaccination.
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AbstractThe murine serous cavities contain a rare and enigmatic population of short‐lived F4/80loMHCII+ macrophages but what regulates their development, survival, and fate is unclear. Here, we show that mature F4/80loMHCII+ peri...
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AbstractThe murine serous cavities contain a rare and enigmatic population of short‐lived F4/80loMHCII+ macrophages but what regulates their development, survival, and fate is unclear. Here, we show that mature F4/80loMHCII+ peritoneal macrophages arise after birth, but that this occurs largely independently of colonization by microbiota. Rather, microbiota specifically regulate development of a subpopulation of CD11c+ cells that express the immunoregulatory cytokine RELM‐α, are reliant on the transcription factor EGR2, and develop independently of the growth factor CSF1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that intrinsic expression of RELM‐α, a signature marker shared by CD11c+ and CD11c– F4/80loMHCII+ cavity macrophages, regulates survival and differentiation of these cells in the peritoneal cavity in a sex‐specific manner. Thus, we identify a previously unappreciated diversity in serous cavity F4/80loMHCII+ macrophages that is regulated by microbiota, and describe a novel sex and site‐specific function for RELM‐α in regulating macrophage endurance that reveals the unique survival challenge presented to monocyte‐derived macrophages by the female peritoneal environment.
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Introduction and hypothesis Entry into the peritoneal cavity can be challenging in patients with posthysterectomy prolapse; however, it is important for vaginal surgeons to be able to enter the peritoneal cavity using various tech...
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Introduction and hypothesis Entry into the peritoneal cavity can be challenging in patients with posthysterectomy prolapse; however, it is important for vaginal surgeons to be able to enter the peritoneal cavity using various techniques to perform an intraperitoneal vaginal vault suspension.
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