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Background. Auditory Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) are useful for understanding early auditory development among infants, as it allows the collection of a relatively large amount of data in a short time. So far, studies that hav...
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Background. Auditory Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) are useful for understanding early auditory development among infants, as it allows the collection of a relatively large amount of data in a short time. So far, studies that have investigated development in auditory ERPs in infancy have mainly used single sounds as stimuli. Yet in real life, infants must decode successive rather than single acoustic events. In the present study, we tested 4-, 8-, and 12-month-old infants’ auditory ERPs to musical melodies comprising three piano notes, and examined ERPs to each individual note in the melody. Methods. Infants were presented with 360 repetitions of a three-note melody while EEG was recorded from 128 channels on the scalp through a Geodesic Sensor Net. For each infant, both latency and amplitude of auditory components P1 and N2 were measured from averaged ERPs for each individual note. Results. Analysis was restricted to response collected at frontal central site. For all three notes, there was an overall reduction in latency for both P1 and N2 over age. For P1, latency reduction was significant from 4 to 8 months, but not from 8 to 12 months. N2 latency, on the other hand, decreased significantly from 4 to 8 to 12 months. With regard to amplitude, no significant change was found for either P1 or N2. Nevertheless, the waveforms of the three age groups were qualitatively different: for the 4-month-olds, the P1–N2 deflection was attenuated for the second and the third notes; for the 8-month-olds, such attenuation was observed only for the middle note; for the 12-month-olds, the P1 and N2 peaks show relatively equivalent amplitude and peak width across all three notes. Conclusion. Our findings indicate that the infant brain is able to register successive acoustic events in a stream, and ERPs become better time-locked to each composite event over age. Younger infants may have difficulties in responding to late occurring events in a stream, and the onset response to the late events may overlap with the incomplete response to preceding events.
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Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD ) is a common, highly heritable, developmental disorder and laterborn siblings of diagnosed children are at higher risk of developingASD than the general population. Although the emergence of...
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Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD ) is a common, highly heritable, developmental disorder and laterborn siblings of diagnosed children are at higher risk of developingASD than the general population. Although the emergence of behavioural symptoms ofASD in toddlerhood is well characterized, far less is known about development during the first months of life of infants at familial risk. In a prospective longitudinal study of infants at familial risk followed to 36爉onths, we measured functional nearinfrared spectroscopy (fNIRS ) brain responses to social videos of people (i.e. peekaboo) compared to nonsocial images (vehicles) and human vocalizations compared to nonvocal sounds. At 46爉onths, infants who went on to developASD at 3爕ears (N ??) evidencedreduced activation to visual social stimuli relative to lowrisk infants (N ??6) across inferior frontal (IFG ) and posterior temporal (pSTS TPJ ) regions of the cortex. Furthermore, these infants also showed reduced activation to vocal sounds and enhanced activation to nonvocal sounds within left lateralized temporal (aMTGSTG/pSTSTPJ) regions compared with lowrisk infants and highrisk infants who did not developASD (N ??5). The degree of activation to both the visual and auditory stimuli correlated with parentreportedASD symptomology in toddlerhood. These preliminary findings are consistent with later atypical social brain responses seen in children and adults withASD , and highlight the need for further work interrogating atypical processing in early infancy and how it may relate to later social interaction and communication difficulties characteristic of ASD.
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Individual differences in acceptance patterns are evident as early as the child's first experiences with a particular food. To test hypothesis that the flavor of formula fed to infants modifies their acceptance of some foods, we c...
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Individual differences in acceptance patterns are evident as early as the child's first experiences with a particular food. To test hypothesis that the flavor of formula fed to infants modifies their acceptance of some foods, we conducted a within- and between-subjects design study in which two groups of 6- to 11-month-old infants were tested on two separate days. One group was currently feeding a milk-based formula whereas the other was feeding a protein hydrolysate formula, a particularly unpleasant tasting formula to adults that contains similar flavor notes (e.g., sulfur volatiles) with Brassica vegetables such as broccoli. In counterbalanced order, acceptance of pureed broccoli/cauliflower was determined during one test session and pureed carrots on the other. Although there were no group differences in the amount of carrots consumed, hydrolysate infants consumed significantly less broccoli/cauliflower relative to carrots when compared to those who were currently fed milk based formulas (F(1,72 df)=4.43; p=0.04). The mothers of hydrolysate infants were significantly more likely to report that their infants did not enjoy feeding the broccoli/cauliflower (54.2%) when compared to mothers of infants being fed milk-based formulas (28.0%; Chi-Square (1 df)=4.79; p=0.03). Such findings are consistent with prior research that demonstrated a sensory specific satiety following repeated exposure to a particular flavor in milk. We hypothesize that when infants are experiencing a flavor in milk or formula, in the short term, the preference that develops is specific to the context it is experienced in (e.g., milk). Over the longer term, the preference may generalize to other contexts such as solid foods. Hydrolysate infants were also significantly more likely to be judged by their mothers as being more active (F(1,69 df)=3.95; p=0.05) and hesitant (F(1,69 df)=6.55; p=0.01) when compared to those infants who were feeding milk-based formulas, a finding that further supports the hypothesis that mother-child dynamicssurrounding early feeding impacts upon mothers' perception of their children's temperament.
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Abstract Aim To evaluate the efficacy of the reduction of visual and auditory stimuli on pain during venipuncture in premature newborns of 32–36?weeks of gestation. Design Open, randomized, non‐blind parallel clinical trial. Met...
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Abstract Aim To evaluate the efficacy of the reduction of visual and auditory stimuli on pain during venipuncture in premature newborns of 32–36?weeks of gestation. Design Open, randomized, non‐blind parallel clinical trial. Method Study to take place at the neonatal intensive care unit of a University Hospital in 2019–2021. Fifty‐six recently born babies between 32‐36?weeks of gestation will participate. The dependent variable is the level of pain determined using the premature infant pain profile instrument. The intervention will be assigned randomly using the random.org software. Data analysis will be carried out using the IBM SPSS v.25 software assuming a level of significance of 5%. Discussion The evidence for the efficacy of reducing sensory stimulation and its effect on pain in minor procedures has not been studied in depth. There are no studies that evaluate the reduction of visual and auditory stimuli in a combined way. Impact It is easy to incorporate the reduction of visual and auditory stimuli into nursing practice. The results of this study could have a direct impact on clinical practice. Trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov : NCT04041635
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Prior reproductive experience, or parity, may contribute to differential neural responses to infant stimuli during pregnancy. We examined the P300 elicited by viewing infant and adult faces, as well as houses, in women pregnant wi...
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Prior reproductive experience, or parity, may contribute to differential neural responses to infant stimuli during pregnancy. We examined the P300 elicited by viewing infant and adult faces, as well as houses, in women pregnant with their first child and compared their neural responses to women who had at least one child prior to their current pregnancy. We found the P300 amplitude was larger in women pregnant with their first child as compared to pregnant women who had previously had children. This larger P300 was observed in response to all visual stimuli and was not specific to infant faces. Taken together, these findings indicate increased sensitivity toward social and non-social stimuli in pregnancy and indicate the importance of measuring parity in social neuroscience studies of pregnancy and motherhood.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze and develop the easy sentences for speech perception test using picture stimuli which can be used to the children under 3 years-old. Method: A total of 102 easy sentences and corre...
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze and develop the easy sentences for speech perception test using picture stimuli which can be used to the children under 3 years-old. Method: A total of 102 easy sentences and corresponding picture stimuli were designed for this study. Factors related to semantics, articulatory phonetics, and syntactic structures were analyzed to validate the sentences as for the stimuli of speech perception test for the very young children. Results: The test stimuli contained all the parts of speech and semantic categories. Syllable lengths and phoneme categories were properly distributed and the usage frequency was also acceptable for the very young children. The test sentences can be consisted of 10 test sets which are various enough to mitigate learning effect. Conclusion: This study ensured validity of the test sentences and should be led by further study on validation of the utilizability, parallel test, and reliability as a speech perception test for the very young children.
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Abstract Visual processing, as a significant and complex functionality of the human brain, changes during the life span with the most developmental changes in the infancy. Different types of visual stimuli are needed for evaluatin...
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Abstract Visual processing, as a significant and complex functionality of the human brain, changes during the life span with the most developmental changes in the infancy. Different types of visual stimuli are needed for evaluating different functionalities of the infants’ visual system. Selecting appropriate visual stimuli is an important issue in evaluating visual cortical functions in infants. Properties of stimulation influence responses of visual system and must be adjusted according to the age and specific function which is going to be investigated. In this review, the most commonly used stimuli to elicit visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are evaluated and characteristics of VEPs extracted by these stimulations are studied. Furthermore, various studies investigating different functionalities such as selectivity for orientation and directional motion are presented. Valuable results regarding emerging and maturation times of different functions and normative data for clinical diagnosis are provided by these studies.
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Among mammals, alloparental care can be influenced by hormones as well as by previous experience and sensory stimuli from the infants, such as sight and sound, smell, and physical contact with the infant. To determine the responsi...
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Among mammals, alloparental care can be influenced by hormones as well as by previous experience and sensory stimuli from the infants, such as sight and sound, smell, and physical contact with the infant. To determine the responsiveness of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) nonreproductive females and males with and without previous experience in caretaking to infant sensory cues, we exposed 12 females and 12 males to vocalization recordings for 10 min under two conditions: (1) exposure to adult conspecific vocalization recordings, and (2) exposure to infant vocalization recordings. We recorded the frequency of approach toward the sound source, the time spent near it and locomotion frequency of males and females in the cage under both conditions. Blood samples were collected after each test for cortisol measuring by EIA method. The infant vocalization affects the behavioral and hormonal responses of males and females of common marmosets. The animals approached and spent more time near the sound source and showed an increase in locomotion during infant vocalization exposure compared to the adult vocalization. However, there was no significant difference in the behavioral response of animals when previous experience and the sex were taken into account. In both sexes, cortisol levels were significantly higher following infant vocalization exposure compared to the adult vocalization. These findings suggest that the infant vocalization appears to be an effective cue that facilitates the approach of the caregiver and maintaining their responsiveness and that the cortisol seems to be important for alertness to sensory stimuli, modulating their motivation to interact with the infant.
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Abstract The social and communicative difficulties that characterize autism spectrum disorder (ASD ) are considered the most striking feature of the disorder. Research has reported that individuals withASD show abnormalities in th...
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Abstract The social and communicative difficulties that characterize autism spectrum disorder (ASD ) are considered the most striking feature of the disorder. Research has reported that individuals withASD show abnormalities in the brain regions associated with the processing of social information. Importantly, a recent study using functional nearinfrared spectroscopy (fNIRS ) found the first evidence of atypicalities in the neural processing of social information in 4 to 6monthold infants at high familial risk ofASD . These findings provide an important step in the search for early markers ofASD and highlight the potential for neuroimaging techniques to detect atypical patterns of neural activity prior to the manifestation of most behavioural symptoms. This study aimed to extend the findings of reduced neural sensitivity to social stimuli in an independent cohort. Twentynine 5monthold infants (13 lowrisk infants, 16 highrisk infants) were presented with social and nonsocial visual stimuli, similar to the previous experiment. Importantly, a nonsocial dynamic motion control condition was introduced allowing the comparison between social dynamic and nonsocial, static, as well as dynamic stimuli. We found that while lowrisk infants showed activation to social stimuli in the right posterior temporal cortex, this activation was reduced in infants at high risk ofASD . Although the current sample size was relatively small, our results replicate and extend previous work and provide evidence for a social processing difference in infants at risk of autism. Future research will determine whether these differences relate to an eventualASD diagnosis or may rather reflect the broader autism phenotype.
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Much of the early development of the human visual system occurs while the preterm infant is in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Critical events and processes happen between 20 and 40 weeks' gestational age, before the onse...
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Much of the early development of the human visual system occurs while the preterm infant is in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Critical events and processes happen between 20 and 40 weeks' gestational age, before the onset of vision at term birth. Knowledge of the development of the visual system and the timing of the processes involved is essential to adapting NICU care to support all neurosensory development including visual development.
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