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Energy deficit in lean or obese animals or humans stimulates appetite, reduces energy expenditure and possibly also decreases physical activity, thereby contributing to weight regain. Often overlooked in weight loss trials for obe...
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Energy deficit in lean or obese animals or humans stimulates appetite, reduces energy expenditure and possibly also decreases physical activity, thereby contributing to weight regain. Often overlooked in weight loss trials for obesity, however, is the effect of energy restriction on neuroendocrine status. Negative energy balance in lean animals and humans consistently inhibits activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid, -gonadotropic and -somatotropic axes (or reduces circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 levels), while concomitantly activating the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, with emerging evidence of similar changes in overweight and obese people during lifestyle interventions for weight loss. These neuroendocrine changes, which animal studies show may result in part from hypothalamic actions of orexigenic (e.g. neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide) and anorexigenic peptides (e.g. alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript), can adversely affect body composition by promoting the accumulation of adipose tissue (particularly central adiposity) and stimulating the loss of lean body mass and bone. As such, current efforts to maximize loss of excess body fat in obese people may inadvertently be promoting long-term complications such as central obesity and associated health risks, as well as sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Future weight loss trials would benefit from assessment of the effects on body composition and key hormonal regulators of body composition using sensitive techniques.
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In this concise review, we present an overview of research on dream recall/affect and of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, discussing caveats regarding the action of hormones of the HPA axis (mainly cortisol and its...
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In this concise review, we present an overview of research on dream recall/affect and of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, discussing caveats regarding the action of hormones of the HPA axis (mainly cortisol and its free form, cortisol-binding globulin and glucocorticoid receptors). We present results of studies regarding dream recall/affect and the HPA axis under physiological (such as waking) or pathological conditions (such as in Cushing’s syndrome or stressful situations). Finally, we try to integrate the effect of the current COVID-19 situation with dream recall/affect vis-à-vis the HPA axis.
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Instantaneous helical axes (IHAs) and screw displacement axes (SDAs) are commonly used to investigate joint functional axes of rotation. In the wrist, these have often been obtained through in vitro motion analysis. These definiti...
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Instantaneous helical axes (IHAs) and screw displacement axes (SDAs) are commonly used to investigate joint functional axes of rotation. In the wrist, these have often been obtained through in vitro motion analysis. These definitions are then employed for in vivo applications, such as the design of implants or the development of musculoskeletal models. However, functional unguided joint motions are, by definition, affected by the activity of muscles. Previously published data has disagreed on the relative position and orientation of the two primary axes of rotation of the wrist, i.e. the radioulnar deviation (RUD) axis with respect to the flexion-extension (FE) axis. An in vivo study comparing the FE and RUD IHAs and SDAs of guided motions, to replicate in vitro conditions, and unguided motions of 23 healthy participants was conducted using optical motion capture. Guided motions were performed with the hand and forearm flush against a flat surface. The relative position and orientation of the RUD SDAs with respect to the FE SDAs differed (p = 0.019, p = 0.001) between unguided FE and guided RUD (0.1 +/- 4.3 mm, 93.5 +/- 16.0 degrees) and guided FE and RUD (1.6 +/- 4.0 mm, 107.8 +/- 17.7 degrees). This indicates that the use of different constraints, and not physiological differences, is the primary cause of differences in the relative positions and orientations of the FE and RUD axes in the literature. Thus, the practice of using in vitro definitions of the axes of rotation of the wrist for in vivo applications, especially involving FE, may be inappropriate and care must be taken to account for any constraint on wrist motion. It is recommended that investigators define the axes of rotation specifically for their study or refer to literature featuring the desired levels of constraint. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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COPD influences cardiac function and morphology. Changes of the electrical heart axes have been largely attributed to a supposed increased right heart load in the past, whereas a potential involvement of the left heart has not bee...
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COPD influences cardiac function and morphology. Changes of the electrical heart axes have been largely attributed to a supposed increased right heart load in the past, whereas a potential involvement of the left heart has not been sufficiently addressed. It is not known to which extent these alterations are due to changes in lung function parameters. We therefore quantified the relationship between airway obstruction, lung hyperinflation, several echo- and electrocardiographic parameters on the orientation of the electrocardiographic (ECG) P, QRS and T wave axis in COPD. Data from the COPD cohort COSYCONET were analyzed, using forced expiratory volume in 1?s (FEV 1 ), functional residual capacity (FRC), left ventricular (LV) mass, and ECG data. One thousand, one hundred and ninety-five patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria (mean?±?SD age: 63.9?±?8.4?years; GOLD 0-4: 175/107/468/363/82). Left ventricular (LV) mass decreased from GOLD grades 1-4 (p?=?0.002), whereas no differences in right ventricular wall thickness were observed. All three ECG axes were significantly associated with FEV 1 and FRC. The QRS axes according to GOLD grades 0-4 were (mean?±?SD): 26.2°?±?37.5°, 27.0°?±?37.7°, 31.7°?±?42.5°, 46.6°?±?42.2°, 47.4°?±?49.4°. Effects of lung function resulted in a clockwise rotation of the axes by 25°-30° in COPD with severe airway disease. There were additional associations with BMI, diastolic blood pressure, RR interval, QT duration and LV mass. Significant clockwise rotations of the electrical axes as a function of airway obstruction and lung hyperinflation were shown. The changes are likely to result from both a change of the anatomical orientation of the heart within the thoracic cavity and a reduced LV mass in COPD. The influences on the electrical axes reach an extent that could bias the ECG interpretation. The magnitude of lung function impairment should be taken into account to uncover other cardiac disease and to prevent misdiagnosis.
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Human gut microbiota (GM) includes a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms that are crucial for well-being and survival of the organism. It has been reported as diverse and relatively stable with shared core microbiota,...
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Human gut microbiota (GM) includes a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms that are crucial for well-being and survival of the organism. It has been reported as diverse and relatively stable with shared core microbiota, including Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes as the major dominants. They are the key regulators of body homeostasis, involving both intestinal and extra-intestinal effects by influencing many physiological functions such as metabolism, maintenance of barrier homeostasis, inflammation and hematopoiesis. Any alteration in GM community structures not only trigger gut disorders but also influence other organs and cause associated diseases. In recent past, the GM has been defined as a 'vital organ' with its involvement with other organs; thus, establishing a link or a bi- or multidirectional communication axis between the organs via neural, endocrine, immune, humoral and metabolic pathways. Alterations in GM have been linked to several diseases known to humans; although the exact interaction mechanism between the gut and the organs is yet to be defined. In this review, the bidirectional relationship between the gut and the vital human organs was envisaged and discussed under several headings. Furthermore, several disease symptoms were also revisited to redefine the communication network between the gut microbes and the associated organs.
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Axis axis ceylonensis (Ceylon spotted deer) is a sub species endemic to Sri Lanka. Ecological observations in wild populations of this subspecies have been reported but there is no published research on its behaviour. We report he...
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Axis axis ceylonensis (Ceylon spotted deer) is a sub species endemic to Sri Lanka. Ecological observations in wild populations of this subspecies have been reported but there is no published research on its behaviour. We report here a behavioural study on a free ranging population of A. a. ceylonensis inhabiting a temple surroundings in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka. Behaviour was quantified by focal sampling on sex age groups in three time zones: 6:30 to 7:30, 12:30-13:30, and 17:00 to 18:00 hours. The deer were more active in the hour after dawn and an hour before dusk. The main activities were feeding and play, the latter common in juveniles. There was a preference to graze on grasses and browse on Ficus sp. leaves. Resting was highest in the afternoon across all groups. This bimodal activity pattern is similar to that of both wild Ceylon and Indian A. axis subspecies despite the absence of predators in the study area. The bimodal activity may be related to thermoregulatory functions while grazing in open grass areas.
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Changes in food habits of chital in different seasons in Pench National Park M.P. and its preferred food a with that of other ungulates in the area were studied during January 2006 to December 2006. The observations were recorded ...
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Changes in food habits of chital in different seasons in Pench National Park M.P. and its preferred food a with that of other ungulates in the area were studied during January 2006 to December 2006. The observations were recorded on monthly basis. For comparison, livestock and some wild ungulates like Sambar, Nilgai, Gaur, Chinkara and Barking deer were selected for the present study. It was observed that the primary diet of chital is different species of grasses. When grass is not in sufficient quantity, they browse. In rainy season, they prefer and graze successfully on grasses like curly mesquite, buffalo grass, Indian grass, side coats grama, switergrass, big and little bluestem, etc. They do well on improved grasses such as klain. They use different varieties of grasses in all the three seasons and use plant species like Dendrocalamus strictus, Flemingia semialata, and Flemingia bracteata, in all the three seasons. During summers, they feed especially on dry fodder along with fallen leaves, fruits and shoots of some plants. In winters, the forage condition becomes worst so they become browsers. They prefer Themeda quadrivalvis, Botnriochloa, Imperata cylindrica, and Eragrostis uniloides grasses along with some other plants. The wild ungulates and livestock share different species of grasses, forbs, sedges and leaves and fruits of plants as high, medium, and low preferred food, except few like Bridelia retusa, which is only preferred by chinkara but at low preference level. Sambars, gaurs and barking deer, are fond of grasses and sedges. Nilgai prefers considerably different food from chital and sambar. They like Saccharam spontaneum. Heteropogan sp. and Dicanthium annulatum. Livestock don't prefer, Dicanthium annulatum grass, all forbs andBridelia retusa, Cassia fistula, Cordea myxa and Kydia calycina plants.
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Chital or axis deer ( Axis axis) form fluid groups that change in size temporally and in relation to habitat. Predictions of hypotheses relating animal density, rainfall, habitat structure, and breeding seasonality, to changes in ...
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Chital or axis deer ( Axis axis) form fluid groups that change in size temporally and in relation to habitat. Predictions of hypotheses relating animal density, rainfall, habitat structure, and breeding seasonality, to changes in chital group size were assessed simultaneously using multiple regression models of monthly data collected over a 2 yr period in Guindy National Park, in southern India. Over 2,700 detections of chital groups were made during four seasons in three habitats (forest, scrubland and grassland). In scrubland and grassland, chital group size was positively related to animal density, which increased with rainfall.
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Two common problems with graph axis labels are to decide in advance on some "nice" numbers to use on one or both axes and to show particular labels on some transformed scale. In this column, I discuss the nicelabels and mylabels c...
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Two common problems with graph axis labels are to decide in advance on some "nice" numbers to use on one or both axes and to show particular labels on some transformed scale. In this column, I discuss the nicelabels and mylabels commands, which address these problems. The first command is new to Stata, and the second is a revision of a previously published command. I also survey the myticks command for tick placement. In all commands, the main output is a local macro in the calling program's space, in the interest of promoting automation in do-files and programs.
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Hormones are major systemic regulators of homeostatic functions. Not surprisingly, most endocrine signals show some extent of variation across the day. This holds true for the three major hormonal axes of the body originating from...
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Hormones are major systemic regulators of homeostatic functions. Not surprisingly, most endocrine signals show some extent of variation across the day. This holds true for the three major hormonal axes of the body originating from the hypothalamus, relayed by the pituitary and terminating in the adrenal (HPA axis), the thyroid (HPT axis), and the gonads (HPG axis), respectively. The rhythmicity of endocrine axis formation has important functions for the maintenance of homeostasis and stabilizes physiological functions against external perturbations. In some cases, such as cortisol, hormonal signals are themselves implicated in circadian regulation and, thus, endocrine disruption may affect the function of the circadian clock network to alter further downstream processes.
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