摘要 : In the 18th century, Europe's main continuing environmental health hazards-as in many preceding centuries-were malnutrition and famine. After the 1740s this ancient health hazard began to recede in Europe as the modern agricultura... 展开 In the 18th century, Europe's main continuing environmental health hazards-as in many preceding centuries-were malnutrition and famine. After the 1740s this ancient health hazard began to recede in Europe as the modern agricultural revolution began. The extreme urban crowding and working-class poverty due to early industrialization in the 19th century resulted in infectious diseases becoming the dominant environmental health hazard. With the rise of modern large-scale industry and of synthetic organic chemistry in the 20th century, pollution of local environments-air, water, soil, and food-became the major focus of environmental health concerns in developed countries. 收起