摘要 : The egg parasitoid Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is one of four parasitoid species from northeast Asia being released in regions of North America as part of a biological control program to manage the inva... 展开 The egg parasitoid Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is one of four parasitoid species from northeast Asia being released in regions of North America as part of a biological control program to manage the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus pla-nipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Bupres-tidae) (Bauer et al. 2015). To date, O. agrili has been released in 23 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. At Michigan study sites where O. agrili was released starting in 2007, average eggparasitism reached up to 40% over a five-year period (Abell et al. 2014). From 2007 to 2011, O. agrili were released into the field as live adults after they were allowed to feed on honey for at least 24 hrs (USDA-APHIS/ ARS/FS2016). In the laboratory, unfed O. agrili adults died within 24 hrs (unpublished data). In 2012, release methods transitioned from the release of parasitoids as adults to the deployment of parasitoids as pupae which completed development and emerged as adults in the field. This new method includes using EAB eggs that were laid on filter paper and presented to O. agrili in the laboratory. Oobius agrili parasitize and develop inside the EAB eggs and when they reach the pupal stage, small pieces of the filter paper with parasitizedeggs are placed in small plastic containers referred to as "oobinators" that have an open end covered with screening (USDA-APHIS/ARS/FS 2016). After placement of the oobinators on EAB-infested ash trees in the field, O. agrili complete development and adults chew round exit holes in the EAB eggs and thencrawl through the oobinator screening to disperse. Streaks of honey are placed inside the oobinators for emerging O. agrili to feed upon. Utilizing oobinators has greatly eased handling efforts given that adult O. agrili are only 1-mm long, making them difficult to count and transfer between containers. This release method has also simplified releases in the field, where oobinators can be placed in the field regardless of current weather conditions, which is important when releasing O. agrili as adults, i.e., heavy winds and rain should be avoided (USDA-APHIS/ARS/ FS 2016). 收起