摘要 : © 2024 Elsevier LtdMeeting the increasing energy demands of urban apartment buildings motivates us to look for clean alternative energy solutions. One such possibility is to explore the integration of battery energy storage, hydro... 展开 © 2024 Elsevier LtdMeeting the increasing energy demands of urban apartment buildings motivates us to look for clean alternative energy solutions. One such possibility is to explore the integration of battery energy storage, hydrogen technology, and electric grid with solar photovoltaic. This research focuses on the design, operation and control strategies and integration methods that have not been explored practically or in the literature for different microgrid configurations for urban building electrification. A proper case study that investigates the feasibility of different microgrid topologies supports this research. The techno-economic analysis methodology for different microgrid topologies includes data collection, modelling, microgrid design, optimization and simulation settings, sensitivity analysis and performance metrics. Different dispatch strategies like load following, cycle charging, combined dispatch, and generator order operate the microgrid configurations in different dynamic scenarios. The microgrid topologies are optimized for multiple objectives like minimum net present cost and minimum energy cost, enhancing sustainability and improving system reliability. The results demonstrate the best optimal system configuration consisted of grid-connected solar photovoltaic operated through cycle charging, resulting in the minimum net present cost of ($51809) and lowest cost of energy ($0.0171). The sensitivity analysis shows that grid tariffs and renewable energy fraction constraints in grid-connected systems impact energy costs but have no impact on energy costs in off-grid systems. Although this configuration provided the best affordable solution, it has some limitations, such as low reliability and associated greenhouse emissions (38226 kg/yr). The greenhouse gas emissions and grid power purchase are reduced in grid-connected photovoltaic systems with the addition of a battery by 4414 kg/yr and 11.54%, respectively. The extended results and tests show the other proposed microgrid operating scenarios employing hydrogen technology are highly reliable, and operation is pollution-free with zero greenhouse emissions. These results significantly improve urban sustainability and renewable integration and achieve energy Independence. Additionally, these findings will help in policy, planning, and decision-making. 收起