摘要 : Israel's air quality is poorer than that of most European countries. Despite this, Israel's industrial emissions to the air are not governed by an overall legislation, but instead are controlled by a voluntary agreement—a covenant... 展开 Israel's air quality is poorer than that of most European countries. Despite this, Israel's industrial emissions to the air are not governed by an overall legislation, but instead are controlled by a voluntary agreement—a covenant—between the industrialists and the Ministry of the Environment. Why did the Ministry of the Environment opt for a covenant as a means of regulating industrial emissions rather than legislation? This paper uses the Policy Process Networks framework, which focuses on the role that different state and non-state actors play in the policy process, and on the network's institutional setting, to analyse and explain how this policy was formed. It also explores why the policy's implementation and enforcement are limited. By forming the covenant, the Ministry was able to gain better control over emissions. Yet, as a result, important actors like environmental NGOs, independent experts, the judiciary and the public, were excluded from decision-making forums and had only minor influence on the chosen policy, its implementation and enforcement. This paper also demonstrates that no single network governs emissions policy and shows how actors' networks vary throughout the different policy stages. 收起