摘要 : Ice is an effective and economical means of supporting loads for construction and resource extraction. Themain requirement is to have continuous ice of sufficient thickness to support the intended loadings. Ice hasbeen used to sup... 展开 Ice is an effective and economical means of supporting loads for construction and resource extraction. Themain requirement is to have continuous ice of sufficient thickness to support the intended loadings. Ice hasbeen used to support heavy loads, both mobile and stationary and long-term loads such as oil and gas drillingrigs. It has been used to support the installation of offshore pipelines and related facilities. The paperdescribes the various uses of ice as a load-bearing medium and presents methods for determining requiredthicknesses.The bending of floating ice under applied load causes flexural stress to be imposed on the ice cross section.Because ice is weak in tension, the critical stress is the maximum tensile stress at the bottom of the icedirectly under the load. The paper presents standard methods of calculating the maximum, extreme fibrestress for different types of loads and presents an allowable stress for safe use of the ice as a load-bearingmedium. This allowable stress is also instrumental in ensuring that long term, creep deformation does notresult in submergence of the ice surface. The paper presents a method of estimating long-term deflection andalso presents a method of assessing the effects of dynamic or moving loads.Grounded ice roads require sufficient thickness to spread applied wheel loads and avoid overstressing of thetundra or seabed. A method of assessing the support provided by widely differing subgrade conditions ispresented.Construction methods and techniques for ice roads and structures, including the best types of equipment touse, are presented, with photographs. Issues such as snow removal vs. flooding of thick snow are discussed.Durability of the road surface and surface repairs is outlined.During the construction phase of ice structures, the quality control (QC) tasks verify material quantity andmaterial quality as required by the design. An outline of considerations for this task is presented. Failures andanecdotal information related to the design, construction and use of ice roads and structures are presented,with illustrative photographs. 收起