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The aim of the study is to provide an up-to-date review of studies that used preclinical animal models for the evaluation of tissue engineering treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI), which involved the use of biomaterials with o...
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The aim of the study is to provide an up-to-date review of studies that used preclinical animal models for the evaluation of tissue engineering treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI), which involved the use of biomaterials with or without the addition of cells or biomolecules. Electronic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases was performed for relevant studies published between January 2009 and December 2019. In total, 1579 articles were retrieved, of which 58 studies were included for analysis. Among the included studies, rats were the most common species used for animal models of SCI, while complete transection was the most commonly used injury pattern. Immediate intervention after injury was conducted in the majority of studies, and 8 weeks was the most common final time point of outcome assessment. A wide range of natural and synthetic biomaterials with different morphologies were used as a part of tissue engineering treatments for SCI, including scaffolds, hydrogels, and particles. Experimental parameters in studies using SCI animal models to evaluate tissue engineering treatments should be carefully considered to match the purpose of the study. Biomaterials that have functional modifications or are applied in combination with cells and biomolecules can be effective in creating a permissive environment for SCI repair in preclinical animal models. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the preclinical landscape where tissue engineering treatments involving biomaterials were tested in animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI). Using studies published within the last 10 years, novel perspectives were presented on the animal species used, injury pattern, timing of intervention and outcome measurement, and biomaterials selection, as well as a summary of the individual findings of each study. This review provides unique insight into biomaterials-based tissue engineering strategies that have progressed to testing in animal models of SCI, which will help shape future research in the field and propel the clinical translation of discoveries. ? Copyright 2022, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
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Purpose: The purified fraction of Albizia julibrissin saponins (AJSAF) was evaluated and characterized for the adjuvant activity on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine. Methods: The effects of AJSAF...
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Purpose: The purified fraction of Albizia julibrissin saponins (AJSAF) was evaluated and characterized for the adjuvant activity on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine. Methods: The effects of AJSAF on serum PRRSV N protein-specific antibody titers, splenocyte proliferation, natural killer (NK) cell activity, mRNA expression of cytokines and transcription factors, secretion of cytokines, T cells response in splenocytes, as well as delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in the mice immunized PRRSV vaccine were determined by ELISA, MTT assay, flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results: AJSAF not only significantly enhanced the serum PRRSV N protein-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b antibody titers in the mice immunized with PRRSV CH-1R modified live vaccine (CH-1R MLV), inactivated vaccine (CH-1R IAV), and highly pathogenic JXA1-R modified live vaccine (JXA1-R MLV), but promoted the concanavalin A (Con A)-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and PRRSV N protein-stimulated splenocyte proliferation, the activities of NK cells and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in the mice immunized CH-1R MLV. AJSAF also remarkably induced the production of both Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-10) cytokines, and up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) and transcription factors (T-bet and STAT4) as well as Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and transcription factors (GATA-3 and STAT6) in splenocytes from the CH-1R MLV-immunized mice. Furthermore, AJSAF markedly increased the frequencies of PRRSV N protein-specific Th1 (INF-γ + and IL-2 + ) and Th2 (IL-4+ and IL-10 + ) CD4 T cells as well as Tc1 (INF-γ + and IL-2 + ) and Tc2 (IL-4 + and IL-10 + ) CD8 T cells in splenocytes from the CH-1R MLV-immunized mice. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that AJSAF had a potential to enhance and improve immune responses and elicit both Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 response to PRRSV vaccine, and that AJSAF would be a promising adjuvant candidate for PRRSV vaccine.
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Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of pain, loss of function, and disability among elderly, with the knee the most affected joint. It is a heterogeneous condition characterized by complex and multifactorial eti...
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Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of pain, loss of function, and disability among elderly, with the knee the most affected joint. It is a heterogeneous condition characterized by complex and multifactorial etiologies which contribute to the broad variation in symptoms presentation and treatment responses that OA patients present. This poses a challenge for the development of effective treatment on OA. Areas covered: This review will discuss recent development of agents for the treatment of OA, updating our previous narrative review published in 2015. They include drugs for controlling local and systemic inflammation, regulating articular cartilage, targeting subchondral bone, and relieving pain. Expert opinion: Although new OA drugs such as monoclonal antibodies have shown marked effects and favorable tolerance, current treatment options for OA remain limited. The authors believe there is no miracle drug that can be used for all OA patients’; treatment and disease stage is crucial for the effectiveness of drugs. Therefore, early diagnosis, phenotyping OA patients and precise therapy would expedite the development of investigational drugs targeting at symptoms and disease progression of OA.
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This paper presents a framework for unsupervised learning of a hierarchical reconfigurable image template--the AND-OR Template (AOT) for visual objects. The AOT includes: 1) hierarchical composition as "AND" nodes, 2) deformation ...
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This paper presents a framework for unsupervised learning of a hierarchical reconfigurable image template--the AND-OR Template (AOT) for visual objects. The AOT includes: 1) hierarchical composition as "AND" nodes, 2) deformation and articulation of parts as geometric "OR" nodes, and 3) multiple ways of composition as structural "OR" nodes. The terminal nodes are hybrid image templates (HIT) [17] that are fully generative to the pixels. We show that both the structures and parameters of the AOT model can be learned in an unsupervised way from images using an information projection principle. The learning algorithm consists of two steps: 1) a recursive block pursuit procedure to learn the hierarchical dictionary of primitives, parts, and objects, and 2) a graph compression procedure to minimize model structure for better generalizability. We investigate the factors that influence how well the learning algorithm can identify the underlying AOT. And we propose a number of ways to evaluate the performance of the learned AOTs through both synthesized examples and real-world images. Our model advances the state of the art for object detection by improving the accuracy of template matching.
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This study describes the epidemiology of congenital amelia (absence of limb/s), using the largest series of cases known to date. Data were gathered by 20 surveillance programs on congenital anomalies, all International Clearinghou...
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This study describes the epidemiology of congenital amelia (absence of limb/s), using the largest series of cases known to date. Data were gathered by 20 surveillance programs on congenital anomalies, all International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research members, from all continents but Africa, from 1968 to 2006, depending on the program. Reported clinical information on cases was thoroughly reviewed to identify those strictly meeting the definition of amelia. Those with amniotic bands or limb-body wall complex were excluded. The primary epidemiological analyses focused on isolated cases and those with multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). A total of 326 amelia cases were ascertained among 23,110,591 live births, stillbirths and (for some programs) elective terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomalies. The overall total prevalence was 1.41 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval: 1.26-1.57). Only China Beijing and Mexico RYVEMCE had total prevalences, which were significantly higher than this overall total prevalence. Some under-registration could influence the total prevalence in some programs. Liveborn cases represented 54.6% of total. Among monomelic cases (representing 65.2% of nonsyndromic amelia cases), both sides were equally involved, and the upper limbs (53.9%) were slightly more frequently affected. One of the most interesting findings was a higher prevalence of amelia among offspring of mothers younger than 20 years. Sixty-nine percent of the cases had MCA or syndromes. The most frequent defects associated with amelia were other types of musculoskeletal defects, intestinal, some renal and genital defects, oral clefts, defects of cardiac septa, and anencephaly.
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This study describes the epidemiology of congenital amelia (absence of limb/s), using the largest series of cases known to date. Data were gathered by 20 surveillance programs on congenital anomalies, all International Clearinghou...
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This study describes the epidemiology of congenital amelia (absence of limb/s), using the largest series of cases known to date. Data were gathered by 20 surveillance programs on congenital anomalies, all International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research members, from all continents but Africa, from 1968 to 2006, depending on the program. Reported clinical information on cases was thoroughly reviewed to identify those strictly meeting the definition of amelia. Those with amniotic bands or limb-body wall complex were excluded. The primary epidemiological analyses focused on isolated cases and those with multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). A total of 326 amelia cases were ascertained among 23,110,591 live births, stillbirths and (for some programs) elective terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomalies. The overall total prevalence was 1.41 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval: 1.26-1.57). Only China Beijing and Mexico RYVEMCE had total prevalences, which were significantly higher than this overall total prevalence. Some under-registration could influence the total prevalence in some programs. Liveborn cases represented 54.6% of total. Among monomelic cases (representing 65.2% of nonsyndromic amelia cases), both sides were equally involved, and the upper limbs (53.9%) were slightly more frequently affected. One of the most interesting findings was a higher prevalence of amelia among offspring of mothers younger than 20 years. Sixty-nine percent of the cases had MCA or syndromes. The most frequent defects associated with amelia were other types of musculoskeletal defects, intestinal, some renal and genital defects, oral clefts, defects of cardiac septa, and anencephaly.
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Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major worldwide neurological disorder of epidemic proportions. To date, there are still no FDA-approved therapies to treat any forms of TBI. Encouragingly, there are emerging data sh...
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Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major worldwide neurological disorder of epidemic proportions. To date, there are still no FDA-approved therapies to treat any forms of TBI. Encouragingly, there are emerging data showing that biofluid-based TBI biomarker tests have the potential to diagnose the presence of TBI of different severities including concussion, and to predict outcome. Areas covered: The authors provide an update on the current knowledge of TBI biomarkers, including protein biomarkers for neuronal cell body injury (UCH-L1, NSE), astroglial injury (GFAP, S100B), neuronal cell death (盜I-spectrin breakdown products), axonal injury (NF proteins), white matter injury (MBP), post-injury neurodegeneration (total Tau and phospho-Tau), post-injury autoimmune response (brain antigen-targeting autoantibodies), and other emerging non-protein biomarkers. The authors discuss biomarker evidence in TBI diagnosis, outcome prognosis and possible identification of post-TBI neurodegernative diseases (e.g. chronic traumatic encephalopathy and Alzheimers disease), and as theranostic tools in pre-clinical and clinical settings. Expert commentary: A spectrum of biomarkers is now at or near the stage of formal clinical validation of their diagnostic and prognostic utilities in the management of TBI of varied severities including concussions. TBI biomarkers could serve as a theranostic tool in facilitating drug development and treatment monitoring. ?2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of transition structure between curvic teeth and disk on stress distribution of curvic couplings, and provide data to help improving the design of curvic couplings. In th...
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The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of transition structure between curvic teeth and disk on stress distribution of curvic couplings, and provide data to help improving the design of curvic couplings. In this work, the three-dimensional finite element method was used, and Augmented Lagrange Algorithm was adopted to the contact algorithm during the analysis. According to the results of this paper, designing thin-wall structure reasonably can avoid detaching of contact interface at external diameter during preload process; reduce stress fluctuation of curvic teeth caused by circumferential bolts structure; and balance stress difference of each contact pair caused by different disk quality under the action of the centrifugal force.
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This paper presents a 5-bit 1.25-GS/s folding flash ADC. The prototype achieves a folding factor of four with a capacitive folding technique that only consumes dynamic power. Incorporated with various calibration schemes, folding ...
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This paper presents a 5-bit 1.25-GS/s folding flash ADC. The prototype achieves a folding factor of four with a capacitive folding technique that only consumes dynamic power. Incorporated with various calibration schemes, folding errors and the comparator's threshold inaccuracies are corrected, thus allowing a low input capacitance of 80 fF. The design is fabricated using 65-nm digital CMOS technology and occupies 0.007 mm$^{2}$. The maximum DNL and INL post calibration are 0.67 and 0.47 LSB, respectively. Measurement results show that the ADC can achieve 1.25 GS/s at 1-V supply with a total power consumption of 595 $mu$W. In addition, it exhibits a mean ENOB of 4.8b at dc among ten chips, which yields an FoM of 17 fJ/conversion-step.
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Studies conclude that breastfeeding for six months is associated with better lifelong health for the mother and the child. Mothers in the U.S. returning to work after maternity leave report difficulty with the need to take frequen...
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Studies conclude that breastfeeding for six months is associated with better lifelong health for the mother and the child. Mothers in the U.S. returning to work after maternity leave report difficulty with the need to take frequent breaks to pump breastmilk so many stop breastfeeding. Factors discouraging pumping breastmilk in the workplace motivated a content analysis of public comments posted in response to a legal deposition that occurred in January of 2011 in which an attorney who was a new mother was challenged about taking a break to pump breastmilk. A total of 899 public comments posted on Yahoo in 20152016 in response to this earlier incident were analyzed for content. Of these, only 336 mentioned breastfeeding. Overall, 148 comments showed support for breastfeeding or pumping breastmilk at work, while 182 comments showed moderate to strong disapproval (six unclassified). The majority of disapproving comments were critical of pumping breastmilk in the workplace. Implications of these findings for the duration of breastfeeding after returning to work are discussed.
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