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There is no transliteration standard across all Chinese language regions, including China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, and variations in Chinese transliteration have thus arisen in the process of transliterating foreign languages (Engl...
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There is no transliteration standard across all Chinese language regions, including China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, and variations in Chinese transliteration have thus arisen in the process of transliterating foreign languages (English, for instance) into the Chinese language. In this paper, we propose an integrated confirmation framework to confirm a pair, that is, a transliteration and another term, whether it is synonymous. This framework includes two major steps. First, we study methods from several pronunciation-based approaches to measure similarity between Chinese characters; these approaches are specified for the comparison of Chinese synonymous transliterations. Second, we construct a new confirmation framework to confirm whether a pair of a Chinese transliteration and another Chinese term is synonymous. The presented framework is applied to extract synonymous transliteration pairs from a real-world Web corpus; this is valuable to build a new database of synonymous transliterations or support search engines so that they can return much more complete documents as Web search results to increase the usages in practice. Experiments show that our integrated confirmation framework is effective and robust in confirming and extracting pairs of Chinese transliteration following the collection of synonymous transliterations from the Web corpus.
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Over the last three decades, protein engineering has established itself as an important tool for the development of enzymes and (therapeutic) proteins with improved characteristics. New mutagenesis techniques and computational des...
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Over the last three decades, protein engineering has established itself as an important tool for the development of enzymes and (therapeutic) proteins with improved characteristics. New mutagenesis techniques and computational design tools have greatly aided in the advancement of protein engineering. Yet, one of the pivotal components to further advance protein engineering strategies is the high-throughput screening of variants. Compartmentalization is one of the key features allowing miniaturization and acceleration of screening. This review focuses on novel screening technologies applied in protein engineering, highlighting flow cytometry- and microfluidics-based platforms.
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Many important network design problems are fundamentally combinatorial optimization problems. A large number of such problems, however, cannot readily be tackled by distributed algorithms. The Markov approximation framework studie...
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Many important network design problems are fundamentally combinatorial optimization problems. A large number of such problems, however, cannot readily be tackled by distributed algorithms. The Markov approximation framework studied in this paper is a general technique for synthesizing distributed algorithms. We show that when using the log–sum–exp function to approximate the optimal value of any combinatorial problem, we end up with a solution that can be interpreted as the stationary probability distribution of a class of time-reversible Markov chains. Selected Markov chains among this class yield distributed algorithms that solve the log–sum–exp approximated combinatorial network optimization problem. By examining three applications, we illustrate that the Markov approximation technique not only provides fresh perspectives to existing distributed solutions, but also provides clues leading to the construction of new distributed algorithms in various domains with provable performance. We believe the Markov approximation techniques will find applications in many other network optimization problems.
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We explore two fundamental questions at the intersection of sampling theory and information theory: how channel capacity is affected by sampling below the channel's Nyquist rate, and what sub-Nyquist sampling strategy should be em...
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We explore two fundamental questions at the intersection of sampling theory and information theory: how channel capacity is affected by sampling below the channel's Nyquist rate, and what sub-Nyquist sampling strategy should be employed to maximize capacity. In particular, we derive the capacity of sampled analog channels for three prevalent sampling strategies: sampling with filtering, sampling with filter banks, and sampling with modulation and filter banks. These sampling mechanisms subsume most nonuniform sampling techniques applied in practice. Our analyses illuminate interesting connections between undersampled channels and multiple-input multiple-output channels. The optimal sampling structures are shown to extract out the frequencies with the highest SNR from each aliased frequency set, while suppressing aliasing and out-of-band noise. We also highlight connections between undersampled channel capacity and minimum mean-squared error (MSE) estimation from sampled data. In particular, we show that the filters maximizing capacity and the ones minimizing MSE are equivalent under both filtering and filter-bank sampling strategies. These results demonstrate the effect upon channel capacity of sub-Nyquist sampling techniques, and characterize the tradeoff between information rate and sampling rate.
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Social networks overlaid on technological networks account for a significant fraction of Internet use. Through graph theoretic and functionality models, this paper examines social network analysis and potential implications for th...
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Social networks overlaid on technological networks account for a significant fraction of Internet use. Through graph theoretic and functionality models, this paper examines social network analysis and potential implications for the design of technological networks, and vice versa. Such interplay between social networks and technological networks suggests new directions for future research in networking.
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In this paper, the intelligent techniques are applied to enhance the quality control precision in the steel strip cold rolling production. Firstly a new control scheme is proposed, establishing the classifier of the steel strip cr...
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In this paper, the intelligent techniques are applied to enhance the quality control precision in the steel strip cold rolling production. Firstly a new control scheme is proposed, establishing the classifier of the steel strip cross-sectional profiles is the core of the system. The fuzzy clustering algorithm is used to establish the classifier. Secondly, a novel fuzzy clustering algorithm is proposed and used in the real application. The results, under the comparisons with the results obtained by the conventional fuzzy clustering algorithm, show the new algorithm is robust and efficient and it can not only get better clustering prototypes, which are used as the classifier, but also easily and effectively detect the outliers; it does great help in improving the performances of the new system. Finally, it is pointed out that the new algorithm's efficiency is mainly due to the introduction of a set of adaptive operators which allow for treating the different influences of data objects on the clustering operations; and in nature, the new fuzzy algorithm is the generalized version of the existing fuzzy clustering algorithm.
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A single-band protein (HEP3) was isolated from Hericium erinaceus using a chemical separation combined with pharmacodynamic evaluation methods. This protein exhibited immunomodulatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 2...
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A single-band protein (HEP3) was isolated from Hericium erinaceus using a chemical separation combined with pharmacodynamic evaluation methods. This protein exhibited immunomodulatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages by decreasing the overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, and downregulating the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nuclear factor-κB p65. Further researches revealed that HEP3 could improve the immune system via regulating the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota to activate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells, stimulate the intestinal antigen-presenting cells in high-dose cyclophosphamide-induced immunotoxicity in mice, and play a prebiotic role in the case of excessive antibiotics in inflammatory bowel disease model mice. Aided experiments also showed that HEP3 could be used as an antitumor immune inhibitor in tumor-burdened mice. The results of the present study suggested that fungal protein from H. erinaceus could be used as a drug or functional food ingredient for immunotherapy because of its immunomodulatory activities.
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Engineered DNA-binding molecules such as transcription activator-like effector (TAL or TALE) proteins and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) (CRISPR/Cas) sys...
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Engineered DNA-binding molecules such as transcription activator-like effector (TAL or TALE) proteins and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) (CRISPR/Cas) system have been used extensively for genome editing in cells of various types and species. The sequence-specific DNA-binding activities of these engineered DNA-binding molecules can also be utilized for other purposes, such as transcriptional activation, transcriptional repression, chromatin modification, visualization of genomic regions, and isolation of chromatin in a locus-specific manner. In this review, we describe applications of these engineered DNA-binding molecules for biological purposes other than genome editing.
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Linearizability is an important correctness criterion for implementations of concurrent objects. Automatic checking of linearizability is challenging because it requires checking that: 1) All executions of concurrent operations ar...
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Linearizability is an important correctness criterion for implementations of concurrent objects. Automatic checking of linearizability is challenging because it requires checking that: 1) All executions of concurrent operations are serializable, and 2) the serialized executions are correct with respect to the sequential semantics. In this work, we describe a method to automatically check linearizability based on refinement relations from abstract specifications to concrete implementations. The method does not require that linearization points in the implementations be given, which is often difficult or impossible. However, the method takes advantage of linearization points if they are given. The method is based on refinement checking of finite-state systems specified as concurrent processes with shared variables. To tackle state space explosion, we develop and apply symmetry reduction, dynamic partial order reduction, and a combination of both for refinement checking. We have built the method into the PAT model checker, and used PAT to automatically check a variety of implementations of concurrent objects, including the first algorithm for scalable nonzero indicators. Our system is able to find all known and injected bugs in these implementations.
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The genus Avena L. (Poaceae: Aveneae)) with approximately 30 species forming a distinct polyploid series ranging from diploid through tetraploid to hexaploid with a basic chromosome number of seven (Rajhathy and Thomas 1974; Baum ...
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The genus Avena L. (Poaceae: Aveneae)) with approximately 30 species forming a distinct polyploid series ranging from diploid through tetraploid to hexaploid with a basic chromosome number of seven (Rajhathy and Thomas 1974; Baum 1977; Thomas 1992; Leggett and Thomas 1995; Katsiotis et al. 2000). All Avena species, with the exception of A. macrostachya, are self-pollinated annuals, whereas A. macrostachya is a cross-pollinating, quadrivalent-forming, autotetraploid perennial (Malzew 1930; Baum 1968, 1974; Baum and Rajhathy 1976; Rodionova et al. 1994; Katsiotis et al. 1997). Genome differentiation was initially based on cytological studies of interspecific hybrids and descriptions of species karyotypes (Rajhathy and Thomas 1974; Thomas 1992; Rodionova et al. 1994; Leggett and Markhand 1995). Diploid species have either the A or C genome, tetraploids have either the AB or AC genome and the hexaploids have the ACD genome designation.Although there is considerable morphological, biochemical, geographical, cytotaxonomic and molecular evidence available, much is still unknown about the evolution of the genus. Despite numerous observations made by morphological and cytological studies (Rajhathy et al. 1966; Rajhathy and Thomas 1974; Baum 1977; Linares et al. 1992; Thomas 1992; Leggett and Thomas 1995), the application of different molecular techniques has provided further information on Avena genome relationships, such as in situ hybridization (Chen and Armstrong 1994; Jellen et al. 1994a; Katsiotis et al. 1996; Linares et al. 1998; Irigoyen et al. 2001), the use of molecular markers (Sanchez de la Hoz and Fominaya 1989; Alicchio et al. 1995; O'Donoughue et al. 1995; Ronald et al. 1997; Kianian et al. 1999; Nocelli et al. 1999; Li et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2009; Loskutov and Perchuk 2000; Drossou et al. 2004; Fu and Williams 2008) and the comparison of nucleotide sequences (Cheng et al. 2003; Rodionov et al. 2005; Irigoyen et al. 2006; Nikoloudakis and Katsiotis 2008; Nikoloudakis et al. 2008; Peng et al. 2008). At the diploid level, hybridization among the A and C genome species rarely produces interspecific hybrids, indicating major genomic differences among these species (Fominaya et al. 1988a; Linares et al. 1992; Jellen et al. 1993; Drossou et al. 2004). Although some studies have dealt with phylogenetic relationships among species of different ploidy (Fominaya et al. 1988b; Fabijanski et al. 1990; Gupta et al. 1992; Alicchio et al. 1995; Drossou et al. 2004; Irigoyen et al. 2006; Nikoloudakis et al. 2008), the putative diploid donors of Avena polyploids remain uncertain, especially for the B genome origin in the AB tetraploids and the D genome donor of the ACD hexaploids. There is now good evidence of the close relationships among the A and D genomes (Chen and Armstrong 1994; Jellen et al. 1994a, Leggett and Markhand 1995; Linares et al. 1996, 1998; Loskutov 2008), and the A and B genomes (Leggett and Markhand 1995; Katsiotis et al. 1997). Molecular probes differentiated the D genome (Linares et al. 1998; Peng et al. 2008) and the B genome (Irigoyen et al. 2001; Peng et al. 2008) from the A genome. Using various molecular techniques, A. strigosa (Chen and Armstrong 1994; Jellen et al. 1994a; Leggett and Markhand 1995; Linares et al. 1996), A. canariensis (Li et al. 2000b; Loskutov 2008), A. weistii (Li et al. 2000b; Fu and Williams 2008) and A. longiglumis (Rodionov et al. 2005; Nikoloudakis et al. 2008) had been suggested as the A genome donor of the tetraploid and hexaploid. All of the diploid C genome species have been proposed as the putative donors of the C genome in the hexaploids (Rajhathy and Thomas 1974; Chen and Armstrong 1994; Jellen et al. 1994b; Cheng et al. 2003; Nikoloudakis and Katsiotis 2008).Molecular phylogenetic studies have successfully revealed the origins and evolutionary history of polyploids in plants, clarified the nature of different polyploids and identified their parental lineages and the hybridization
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