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From 2010, the landscape of hepatitis C therapeutics has been changed rapidly, and today we are standing at a cusp of a pharmacological revolution where highly effective and interferon (IFN)-free direct acting antivirals (DAAs) ar...
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From 2010, the landscape of hepatitis C therapeutics has been changed rapidly, and today we are standing at a cusp of a pharmacological revolution where highly effective and interferon (IFN)-free direct acting antivirals (DAAs) are already on the market. Such treatment paradigms attain 90–95% sustained virologic response (SVR; undetectable viral load at week 12 or 24 at the end of therapy) rates in treated individuals compared to 50–70% with treatment completion of dual-therapy—pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV). As the major goal now for the hepatologists, clinicians, physicians, and health care workers is likely to eradicate hepatitis C infection in parallel to treatment, the demand is for a one-size-fits-all pill that could be prescribed beyond the limitations of hepatitis C genotype, viral load, previous treatment history, advanced hepatic manifestations (fibrosis, cirrhosis) and antiviral drug resistance. Although the new treatment strategies have shown high cure rates in clinical trials, such treatment paradigms are posing dilemmas too in real-world clinical practice. Therapy cost, treatment access to low and middle-income countries, treatment-emergent adverse events, lack of effective viral screening and disease progression simulation models are potential challenges in this prospect. This review article deeply overviews the challenges encountered while surmounting the burden of hepatitis C around the world. ? 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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The paper provides results of a study aimed at saving a substantial amount of water by maintaining deeper groundwater levels to prevent fallow evaporation and by reducing the cost of groundwater abstraction for lowland farmers. An...
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The paper provides results of a study aimed at saving a substantial amount of water by maintaining deeper groundwater levels to prevent fallow evaporation and by reducing the cost of groundwater abstraction for lowland farmers. An integrated LIS economic appraisal model was developed that linked simulated response of hydrological modelling of different conjunctive management options with economic analysis. The simulation results of the LIS system dynamic model show that a combination of canal lining and pumping groundwater is the most cost-effective way to reduce non-beneficial evapotranspiration and increase water availability by saving up to 68 MCM of water. The simulation results of economic parameters indicated that canal lining and pumping also offer highest net economic benefits (Y21.98 million). Among other options, canal lining also indicates reasonably high net economic benefits (Y9.02 million). The model indicates a small increase in marginal value of water with canal lining (Y1.53m-3) and pumping and canal lining (Y1.62m-3). Among other options, the marginal capital cost of water saving for pumping and canal lining together was the lowest (Y0.096m-3). However, the marginal capital cost of water saving for pumping and shifting canal water downstream was the most expensive (Y1.046m-3).
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An analytical model for the reliability of a dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) control channel (CCH) to handle safety applications in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is proposed. Specifically, the model enables the det...
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An analytical model for the reliability of a dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) control channel (CCH) to handle safety applications in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is proposed. Specifically, the model enables the determination of the probability of receiving status and safety messages from all vehicles within a transmitter's range and vehicles up to a certain distance, respectively. The proposed model is built based on a new mobility model that takes into account the vehicle's follow-on safety rule to derive accurately the relationship between the average vehicle speed and density. Moreover, the model takes into consideration 1) the impact of mobility on the density of vehicles around the transmitter, 2) the impact of the transmitter's and receiver's speeds on the system reliability, 3) the impact of channel fading by modeling the communication range as a random variable, and 4) the hidden terminal problem and transmission collisions from neighboring vehicles. It is shown that the current specifications of the DSRC may lead to severe performance degradation in dense and high-mobility conditions. Therefore, an adaptive algorithm is introduced to increase system reliability in terms of the probability of successful reception of the packet and the delay of emergency messages in a harsh vehicular environment. The proposed model and the enhancement algorithm are validated by simulation using realistic vehicular traces.
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A flow through assay (FTA) was developed on cellulose acetate membranefor the serodiagnosis of porcine cysticercosis using cyst fluid (CFA) and whole cystantigens (WCA) of Taenia solium metacestode. The assay consisted of antigen ...
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A flow through assay (FTA) was developed on cellulose acetate membranefor the serodiagnosis of porcine cysticercosis using cyst fluid (CFA) and whole cystantigens (WCA) of Taenia solium metacestode. The assay consisted of antigen of T.solium metacestode coated onto membrane, mounted on a flow-through test device toprovide assay capture matrix. The optimum concentration of coating antigen was 250ng. The protein A colloidal gold conjugate served as antigen-antibody detecting reagent.A total of 225 serum samples were tested using two antigens. Results were better withCFA (96.0% sensitivity; 96.0% specificity) compared to WCA (92.0% sensitivity; 96.0%specificity). The test was also compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TheELISA showed 96 per cent sensitivity with both the antigens whereas; the specificitywas 96 and 92 per cent with CFA and WCA respectively. The sensitivity and specificityof flow through assay agrees closely with those of the ELISA. The cross-reaction wasobserved in one out of eight hydatidosis positive pigs (12.5%) with CFA by both the assays.The highest diagnostic accuracy (96%) was obtained with CFA-FTA and CFA-ELISA. Forits high sensitivity and sporadic cross-reactions, CFA-FTA appears to be suitable forpractical use at field level without instrumentation.
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