摘要 :
A standard procedure is needed for obtainingaccurate values of the yields of fire effluent components that are associated with harm to people from a singleacute exposure to the effluent from a fire involving realistic commercial p...
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A standard procedure is needed for obtainingaccurate values of the yields of fire effluent components that are associated with harm to people from a singleacute exposure to the effluent from a fire involving realistic commercial products. We compare yields of toxic gases generated by four bench-scale apparatus to the yields from previously conducted room-scale fires. The apparatus is the radiant apparatus in NFPA 269 and ASTM E 1678, the smoke density chamber in ISO 5659-2, a controlled-atmosphere version of the cone calorimeter (ASTM E 1354), and the tube furnace specified in ISO/TS 19700. The bench-scale specimens were cut from the same products that were burned in the room-scale tests: a sofa, bookcases, and household electric power cable. The yields of CO2 CO, HCl, and HCN were determined. The yields of other toxicants (NO, NO2, formaldehyde, and acrolein) were below the detection limits, but were shown to be of limited importance relative to the four measured gases. We developed a criterion of a factor of two for satisfactoryscale agreement. Using this, the yields from the modified cone calorimeter were the most promising, but still imperfect, match to the room fire yields. The results of this study provide an improved basis for obtainingaccurate combustion product yield data for fire hazard and risk modeling over what currently exists.
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Regulations for cigarette ignition resistance (CIR) of soft furnishings (beds and upholstered furniture) and less fire-prone cigarettes have contributed substantially to the decrease in losses from cigarette-initiated fires over t...
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Regulations for cigarette ignition resistance (CIR) of soft furnishings (beds and upholstered furniture) and less fire-prone cigarettes have contributed substantially to the decrease in losses from cigarette-initiated fires over time. Two standard reference cigarettes play key roles in mitigating these losses and in sustaining the effectiveness of the fire safety regulations as exogenous changes occur. SRM 1082 provides a uniform, durable supply of cigarettes for use in ASTM E2187 that assures manufacturers and regulators of compliance with regulations for reduced ignition propensity cigarettes; enables quality control of cigarette fire test performance; enables assurance of uniform interlaboratory test results; obviates effects on fire safety as tobacco crops and smokers change over time; and, when the original ASTM E2187 substrate material was no longer available, enabled adding a new, equivalent substrate. SRM 1196 provides a uniform, durable supply of cigarettes for assurance of consistent interlaboratory evaluation of the ignition resistance of soft furnishings using the mandated test methods; obviates possible unknown changes in soft furnishings' CIR due to the evolving ignition strength of the original test cigarette over time; and provided a test cigarette that was stronger than most cigarettes being smoked after manufacture of the original commercial test cigarette ceased.
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Beds are a prevalent combustible in fatal fires in the United States effective 1 July 2007, the US Consumer Product Safety Commission promulgated a standard to severely reduce the heat release rate and the early heat output from m...
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Beds are a prevalent combustible in fatal fires in the United States effective 1 July 2007, the US Consumer Product Safety Commission promulgated a standard to severely reduce the heat release rate and the early heat output from mattresses and foundations when ignited by a flaming ignition source. This study estimates the Standard's success over its first decade using fire incidence, US population, and mattress sales data. The technique mitigates the influence of some exogenous factors that might have changed during this decade. The Standard is accomplishing its purpose, preventing approximately 65 fatalities (out of an estimated 95 fatalities in 2002-2005) from bed fires annually during 2015-2016, although not all pre-Standard mattresses had yet been replaced. Compared to residential upholstered furniture fires, which were not affected by the Standard, the numbers of bed fires decreased by 12%, injuries by 34%, and deaths by 82% between 2005-2006 and 2015-2016. Per bed fire, injuries decreased by 25% and fatalities decreased by 67%, indicating that the severity of bed fires is being reduced.
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Fires in which soft furnishings (upholstered furniture and beds) were either the first item ignited or were identified as the major item in the fire's growth are the deadliest of residential fires. This Special Issue of Fire and M...
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Fires in which soft furnishings (upholstered furniture and beds) were either the first item ignited or were identified as the major item in the fire's growth are the deadliest of residential fires. This Special Issue of Fire and Materials on Furniture Flammability grew from a small session on this subject in Interflam 2019. The issue contains 14 papers that describe the fire problems of soft furnishings, research to better understand their burning behavior, and recent success in and promising approaches to reducing the losses from these fires. This introduction concludes with the author's challenges to the fire safety community for reducing the number and consequences of soft furnishings fires.
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There is concern about comparing fire test results from different apparatus and from multiple laboratories in which the tested materials and products in a generic group are assumed to be identical, when they are often quite differ...
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There is concern about comparing fire test results from different apparatus and from multiple laboratories in which the tested materials and products in a generic group are assumed to be identical, when they are often quite different. The use of such results can adversely affect the acceptability of a test method and the validity of the computational models used to simulate fire hazard and risk. Three International Standards Organization subcommittees (ISO TC92 SC1, Fire Initiation and Growth; ISO TC92 SC3, Fire Threat to People and the Environment; and ISO TC61 SC4, PlasticsBurning Behaviour) contend that the comparison of gas yields (and perhaps other fire properties, such as ignition delay time and heat release rate) is only proper among studies in which the test specimens are from a single, uniform batch or if it is assured that any differences in composition do not affect the test outcome significantly.
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