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Therapeutic exercises are the cornerstone of the rehabilitation programs of companion animals. Therapeutic exercises are used to improve active joint range of motion, to improve weight bearing and limb use, to build strength and m...
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Therapeutic exercises are the cornerstone of the rehabilitation programs of companion animals. Therapeutic exercises are used to improve active joint range of motion, to improve weight bearing and limb use, to build strength and muscle mass, and to increase conditioning (eg, endurance, speed). Each case is unique as chronicity, type of injury, patient signalment and temperament, owner compliance, and level of required functional recovery vary widely. Therapeutic exercises are also essential for partial return to work or performance and to learn to perform activities of daily living after injury or surgery.
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Synopsis The rich history and global abundance of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) present a unique opportunity and an ideal model for interdisciplinary research. Canine evolutionary history demonstrates unprecedented changes acro...
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Synopsis The rich history and global abundance of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) present a unique opportunity and an ideal model for interdisciplinary research. Canine evolutionary history demonstrates unprecedented changes across all levels of biological organization. These include diversification from highly social, pack-dwelling wild carnivores (extant gray wolves, C. lupus), to increased dependence on humans (domestication), to modern in-home colonization featuring close physical proximity to humans (interspecies bonding). The young, emerging field of "canine science" comprises numerous biological disciplines including evolution, genetics, cognition, behavior, physiology, comparative medicine, and ecology, drawing on studies of both natural and experimental systems and scaling across all levels of biological organization, from genomes to ecosystems. However, limited connections bridge the diverse fields associated with canine science, although in every branch it is recognized that this species is one of the most phenotypically variable mammals. However, there has been growing interest in integrating the insights from genomic evolution with those from ecophysiology and ecology, thus facilitating a more biologically comprehensive perspective of dogs. In particular, integrative, mechanistic, and/or ecological studies have been generally underrepresented. To address these emerging interests, we have collected the most compelling questions in the field of canine biology and present avenues of current and future research. This article serves to both orient the reader to this special issue, as well as offer a forward-looking perspective from diverse biological sub-disciplines to highlight current and future goals in canine research.
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Exercise often causes skeletal muscle hyperthermia, likely resulting in decreased efficiency of mitochondrial respiration. We hypothesized that athletic conditioning would improve mitochondrial tolerance to hyperthermia. Skeletal ...
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Exercise often causes skeletal muscle hyperthermia, likely resulting in decreased efficiency of mitochondrial respiration. We hypothesized that athletic conditioning would improve mitochondrial tolerance to hyperthermia. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from six Alaskan sled dogs under light general anesthesia before and after a full season of conditioning and racing, and respiration of permeabilized muscle fibers was measured at 38, 40, 42, and 44 degrees C. There was no effect of temperature on phosphorylating respiration, and athletic conditioning increased maximal phosphorylating respiration by 19%. Leak respiration increased and calculated efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation decreased with increasing incubation temperature, and athletic conditioning resulted in higher leak respiration and lower calculated oxidative phosphorylation efficiency at all temperatures. Conditioning increased skeletal muscle expression of putative mitochondrial leak pathways adenine nucleotide transporter 1 and uncoupling protein 3, both of which were correlated with the magnitude of leak respiration. We conclude that athletic conditioning in elite canine endurance athletes results in increased capacity for mitochondrial proton leak that potentially reduces maximal mitochondrial membrane potential during periods of high oxidative phosphorylation. This effect may provide a mechanistic explanation for previously reported decreases in exercise-induced muscle damage in well-conditioned subjects.
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Background Rehabilitation of tendon injuries in horses often involves cryotherapy to reduce inflammation and occasionally tissue heating to increase collagen extensibility. The application of alternating cold and hot (ie contrast ...
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Background Rehabilitation of tendon injuries in horses often involves cryotherapy to reduce inflammation and occasionally tissue heating to increase collagen extensibility. The application of alternating cold and hot (ie contrast therapy) is widely used in human physical therapy; however, its utility in equine rehabilitation is largely unknown.
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Recurrent sampling is an example of nonuniform sampling that occurs in multichannel systems such as analog-to-digital converters, synthetic aperture radars (SAR), and synthetic aperture sonars (SAS). While sampling theorems have b...
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Recurrent sampling is an example of nonuniform sampling that occurs in multichannel systems such as analog-to-digital converters, synthetic aperture radars (SAR), and synthetic aperture sonars (SAS). While sampling theorems have been developed that guarantee that a bandlimited signal can be perfectly reconstructed from its recurrent samples, little has been said about the case where the signal is not perfectly bandlimited. We compare the impact of out-of-band energy for uniform and recurrent sampling. The results are extended to the case of sampling a wide-sense stationary (WSS) random process. An application to multichannel synthetic aperture imaging is also included to illustrate these results.
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Introduction: This study explored differences in testicular cancer presentation, treatment, compliance and outcomes among ethnicities in New Mexico. Methods: A retrospective review of patients with testicular cancer treated betwee...
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Introduction: This study explored differences in testicular cancer presentation, treatment, compliance and outcomes among ethnicities in New Mexico. Methods: A retrospective review of patients with testicular cancer treated between 2002 and 2015 was performed. Data included demographics, stage, delays in care, treatments, insurance status and nonadherence rates. Results: Of 186 patients Hispanics and Native Americans presented at higher stage (p <0.01) and delayed treatment (p=0.02). Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for stage I disease was 28% while stage II was 30%, compared to 18% and 58% nationally, respectively. Of stage II in Hispanic patients 24.5% received retroperitoneal lymph node dissection compared to 41.3% of Caucasians (p <0.05). Regarding chemotherapy Caucasian patients at stage I were more likely than Hispanics to receive chemotherapy (p <0.05). Hispanics had higher rates of nonadherence (p <0.01). Insurance rates did not differ among groups. However, insurance increased the likelihood for receiving chemotherapy/retroperitoneal lymph node dissection only for Caucasians. Lack of insurance increased active surveillance rates for stage I in Hispanics. The incidence of testicular cancer in Hispanics rose by 58% after 2009 (p <0.05). Conclusions: Minority groups presented at higher stages and delayed treatment. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection rates differed nationally compared to this cohort with Hispanic patients at higher stage being less likely to receive retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Meanwhile, Hispanics with stage I are less likely to obtain chemotherapy. Insurance rates did not differ among ethnicities but having insurance did not increase rates of chemotherapy/retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for Hispanics unlike for Caucasians. Meanwhile, lack of insurance increased stage I rates of active surveillance suggesting cultural/financial factors contribute to treatment decisions. Increased health literacy, outreach and access may aid in alleviating these disparities.
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Synopsis The total energy expenditure of a racing sled dog can exceed 500 kcal/kg bodyweight during typical events spanning a week or more. Based on early research, as well as practical considerations, modern commercial diets are ...
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Synopsis The total energy expenditure of a racing sled dog can exceed 500 kcal/kg bodyweight during typical events spanning a week or more. Based on early research, as well as practical considerations, modern commercial diets are formulated to meet these energy requirements using fat and protein. However, more recent research provides a clear picture of a canine athlete with glucocentric metabolism, including many conditioning-induced adaptations oriented toward sustaining submaximal exercise with glucose as the primary metabolic fuel despite the consumption of fat as the primary dietary energy source. The specific strategies used by racing sled dogs to maintain a robust supply of glucose during exercise, as well as the possible role of fat in facilitating that metabolic priority, is the subject of ongoing research.
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Introduction Physical activity has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in subjects with insulin resistance, but the effect of athletic conditioning on subjects with normal insulin sensitivity has received less scrutiny. Beca...
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Introduction Physical activity has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in subjects with insulin resistance, but the effect of athletic conditioning on subjects with normal insulin sensitivity has received less scrutiny. Because strenuous exercise can be limited by the availability of substrates, it is reasonable to hypothesize that conditioning would increase the capacity for muscle uptake of substrates like glucose and to the extent that improvement in this process would include upregulation of the portions of the glucose uptake pathway in muscle, this increased capacity would also be reflected in insulin sensitivity. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that conditioning for endurance exercise would result in increased insulin sensitivity using elite racing sled dogs.
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Introduction: The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) is tasked with ensuring fair and equitable access to organs for patients seeking transplant. Despite UNOS' position statement clearly stating that prisoner status should no...
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Introduction: The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) is tasked with ensuring fair and equitable access to organs for patients seeking transplant. Despite UNOS' position statement clearly stating that prisoner status should not preclude transplant evaluation, prisoners continue to face significant barriers. The goal of this survey was to discover how many American transplant centers are willing to evaluate, list, and transplant prisoners. Materials and methods: All adult kidney transplant centers listed as active on the UNOS website were contacted to participate in a survey asking if they were willing to evaluate, list, and transplant prisoners, and why or why not. Results: A total of 122 centers responded. Forty-nine were willing to evaluate, 43 willing to list, and 42 willing to transplant prisoners. Fourteen centers said yes, but on a case-by-case basis only. Things they reported considering were type of crime, length of sentence, and likelihood of release. Frequently cited reasons for not treating inmates were: inadequate follow up (28), insurance/funding (16), transportation (12), medication compliance (9), security (8), patient safety (8), and lack of social support (5). Twenty-four centers refused to disclose their policy or did not have one. Conclusions: Prisoners continue to face barriers to evaluation, listing, and receiving kidney transplants. A lack of understanding of contraindications to transplant or a lack of knowledge about the prisoner system on behalf of transplant centers may contribute to these barriers. We feel as transplant professionals it is our responsibility to assist vulnerable patients in overcoming barriers to transplantation and work to ensure equitable access to organs, regardless of prisoner status.
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