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Die durch Bebauungsplan erfolgte Festsetzung einer baugebiets-bezogenen,vorhabenunabhängigen Verkaufsflächenobergrenze zur Steuerung des Einzelhandels in einem Sondergebiet ist mangels Rechtsgrundlage unzulässig.
Erklärt das Norm...
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Die durch Bebauungsplan erfolgte Festsetzung einer baugebiets-bezogenen,vorhabenunabhängigen Verkaufsflächenobergrenze zur Steuerung des Einzelhandels in einem Sondergebiet ist mangels Rechtsgrundlage unzulässig.
Erklärt das Normenkontrollgericht einen vom Antragsteller umfassend angegriffenen Bebauungsplan für teilweise unwirksam,so ist der Antrag im Übrigen mit der Kostenfolge aus § 155 Abs.1 Satz 1 VwGO abzulehnen,wenn der Antragsteller mit der Anfechtung des ihn beschwerenden Teils des Plans erfolglos bleibt (Abgrenzung zu BVerwCE 88,268).
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The dynamic response to moving concentrated masses of elastically supported rectangular plates resting on Winkler elastic foundation is investigated in this work. This problem, involving non-classical boundary conditions, is solve...
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The dynamic response to moving concentrated masses of elastically supported rectangular plates resting on Winkler elastic foundation is investigated in this work. This problem, involving non-classical boundary conditions, is solved and illustrated with two common examples often encountered in engineering practice. Analysis of the closed form solutions shows that, for the same natural frequency (i) the response amplitude for the moving mass problem is greater than that one of the moving force problem for fixed Rotatory inertia correction factor R0 and foundation modulus F0, (ii) The critical speed for the moving mass problem is smaller than that for the moving force problem and so resonance is reached earlier in the former. The numerical results in plotted curves show that, for the elastically supported plate, as the value of R0 increases, the response amplitudes of the plate decrease and that, for fixed value of R0, the displacements of the plate decrease as F0 increases. The results also show that for fixed R0 and F0, the transverse deflections of the plates under the actions of moving masses are higher than those when only the force effects of the moving load are considered. Hence, the moving force solution is not a save approximation to the moving mass problem. Also, as the mass ratio Γ approaches zero, the response amplitude of the moving mass problem approaches that one of the moving force problem of the elastically supported rectangular plate resting on constant Winkler elastic foundation.
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Introduction: Chronic idiopathic/spontaneous urticaria (CIU/CSU) is a dermatological condition characterized by itchy wheals and/or angioedema of continuous or intermittent duration of e6 weeks with a high burden of disease and im...
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Introduction: Chronic idiopathic/spontaneous urticaria (CIU/CSU) is a dermatological condition characterized by itchy wheals and/or angioedema of continuous or intermittent duration of e6 weeks with a high burden of disease and impact on quality of life. Omalizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits the binding of IgE to high affinity receptors, and is approved for the CIU/CSU indication. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate and synthesize the evidence on the real-world effectiveness of omalizumab in CIU/CSU in daily clinical practice. Areas covered: This review of 84 observational effectiveness studies covers treatments (dosing, medication use), clinical outcomes (treatment response, disease activity, quality of life), and safety. Expert opinion: The clinical outcomes observed across studies underscore the real-world effectiveness of omalizumab in the management of CIU/CSU. Continued treatment may assist patients showing an initial response to achieve a complete treatment response. Response rates are aligned with observed changes in disease activity, symptom experience, and quality of life, and this across subtypes of CIU/CSU. The positive therapeutic profile is complemented by a positive safety profile. The real-world evidence summarized here points convincingly at the high degree of effectiveness of omalizumab in the treatment of CIU/CSU in daily clinical practice.
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High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) plays a context-dependent role in autophagy, which is required for hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation. However, the significance of HMGB1-induced HSCs autophagy in liver fibrosis has not been elucidated.
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The aim of the study is to provide an up-to-date review of studies that used preclinical animal models for the evaluation of tissue engineering treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI), which involved the use of biomaterials with o...
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The aim of the study is to provide an up-to-date review of studies that used preclinical animal models for the evaluation of tissue engineering treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI), which involved the use of biomaterials with or without the addition of cells or biomolecules. Electronic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases was performed for relevant studies published between January 2009 and December 2019. In total, 1579 articles were retrieved, of which 58 studies were included for analysis. Among the included studies, rats were the most common species used for animal models of SCI, while complete transection was the most commonly used injury pattern. Immediate intervention after injury was conducted in the majority of studies, and 8 weeks was the most common final time point of outcome assessment. A wide range of natural and synthetic biomaterials with different morphologies were used as a part of tissue engineering treatments for SCI, including scaffolds, hydrogels, and particles. Experimental parameters in studies using SCI animal models to evaluate tissue engineering treatments should be carefully considered to match the purpose of the study. Biomaterials that have functional modifications or are applied in combination with cells and biomolecules can be effective in creating a permissive environment for SCI repair in preclinical animal models. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the preclinical landscape where tissue engineering treatments involving biomaterials were tested in animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI). Using studies published within the last 10 years, novel perspectives were presented on the animal species used, injury pattern, timing of intervention and outcome measurement, and biomaterials selection, as well as a summary of the individual findings of each study. This review provides unique insight into biomaterials-based tissue engineering strategies that have progressed to testing in animal models of SCI, which will help shape future research in the field and propel the clinical translation of discoveries. ? Copyright 2022, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus traditionally has been characterized by insulin resistance and ?cell dysfunction, leading to hyperglycemia and eventual micro- and macrovascular complications. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are...
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus traditionally has been characterized by insulin resistance and ?cell dysfunction, leading to hyperglycemia and eventual micro- and macrovascular complications. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a relatively new class of drugs available for the management of type 2 diabetes. In order to provide a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of the DPP-4 inhibitors-sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, and alogliptin-in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, we conducted a MEDLINE search (1966-July 2009) for pertinent English-language articles. Abstracts of the annual meetings of the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes from 2005-2009 were also searched. As a drug class, the DPP-4 inhibitors have become widely accepted in clinical practice because of their low risk of hypoglycemia, favorable adverse-effect profile, and once-daily dosing. They are weight neutral (do not cause weight gain or loss) and appear to decrease ?cell apoptosis and increase ?cell survival. Because clinical studies directly comparing agents from this class have not, to our knowledge, been conducted, making comparisons in terms of efficacy and safety will become difficult for clinicians as more agents become available. Based on information from preclinical, clinical, and postmarketing data, there does not appear to be a compelling advantage of one DPP-4 inhibitor over another in terms of efficacy, safety, or ease of clinical use. Although theoretical advantages exist for agents with a higher specificity for DPP-4 inhibition versus inhibition of other isoenzymes associated with toxicity, comparative studies and/or increased clinical experience with this class of drug will determine the clinical advantages, if any, of one agent over another.
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Possible non-thermal mutagenic effects of high frequency electromagnetic fields on Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli were investigated. Bacteria were exposed to the following fields: 27.12 MHz CW electric field, 27.12 MH...
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Possible non-thermal mutagenic effects of high frequency electromagnetic fields on Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli were investigated. Bacteria were exposed to the following fields: 27.12 MHz CW electric field, 27.12 MHz CW magnetic field, 2.45 GHz CW electromagnetic far field, and 3.07 GHz pulsed electromagnetic far field. The temperature of the treated sample as well as of the non-exposed control sample was kept constant at 37.0°C (temperature differences between exposed and control samples were less than ± 0.3°C). In eleven different strains of bacteria, forward, backmutation or prophage induction were measured. Exponentially growing bacteria in nutrient medium were exposed to microwaves (SAR 35–100 W/kg) and RF fields (SAR up to 4 W/kg) during 1–7 hours. The cellular growth was measured for all strains.A conspicuous stimulation of growth was observed, especially under certain treatment conditions and in certain bacterium strains. Possible temperature changes might explain only a minor part of this effect. The relative increase in bacterium count was most marked towards the end of exponential growth. Bacteria exhibited an increased metabolic rate during exposure, illustrated by an increased rate of RNA synthesis. The pooled mutation frequency (for all exposures and strains) did not differ from that of the controls. A weak prophage-inducing capacity and a certain ability to modify the response to UV-irradiation were noted, possibly indicating a mobilization of “SOS-functions”.The upper confidence limit of the accepted hypothesis of no mutagenic action corresponds to the response that, in the bacterium strains studied, is elicited by about 10 rad of γ-radiation. Applying the radiation-dose equivalent for risk estimation, and using a risk coefficient of 2·10-4 rad-1 for cancer death, the ratio of absorbed doses due to occupational exposure in Sweden (about 1010 J year-1) and in the present experiments (about 106 J kg-1) gives an estimated cancer risk of less than one case annually.
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