摘要 :
? 2022Objective data mainly from the comparative anatomy of various organs related to human speech and language is considered to unearth clues about the mechanisms behind language development. The two organs of the larynx and hyoi...
展开
? 2022Objective data mainly from the comparative anatomy of various organs related to human speech and language is considered to unearth clues about the mechanisms behind language development. The two organs of the larynx and hyoid bone are considered to have evolved towards suitable positions and forms in preparation for the occurrence of the large repertoire of vocalization necessary for human speech. However, some researchers have asserted that there is no significant difference of these organs between humans and non-human primates. Speech production is dependent on the voluntary control of the respiratory, laryngeal, and vocal tract musculature. Such control is fully present in humans but only partially so in non-human primates, which appear to be able to voluntarily control only supralaryngeal articulators. Both humans and non-human primates have direct cortical innervation of motor neurons controlling the supralaryngeal vocal tract but only human appear to have direct cortical innervation of motor neurons controlling the larynx. In this review, we investigate the comparative morphology and function of the wide range of components involved in vocal production, including the larynx, the hyoid bone, the tongue, and the vocal brain. We would like to emphasize the importance of the tongue in the primary development of human speech and language. It is now time to reconsider the possibility of the tongue playing a definitive role in the emergence of human speech.
收起
摘要 :
Although laryngeal morphology often reflects adaptations for vocalization, the structural consequences of selection for particular aspects of vocal behavior remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of i...
展开
Although laryngeal morphology often reflects adaptations for vocalization, the structural consequences of selection for particular aspects of vocal behavior remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of increased ultrasonic calling in pups on the adult larynx morphology in selectively bred rat lines. Laryngeal morphology was assessed using multiple techniques: mineralized cartilage volumes were compared in 3D-models derived from microCT scans, internal structure was compared using clearing and staining procedures combined with microscopy, cellular structure was compared using histology and microscopy, and element composition was assessed with scanning energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Our results show that adult rats from lines bred to produce ultrasonic calls at higher rates as pups have shorter vocal folds and a more mineralized thyroid cartilage compared to rats bred to produce ultrasonic calls at lower rates. The change in vocal fold length appears to account for differences in low-frequency calls in these two rat lines. We suggest that the observed increases in mineralization of the thyroid cartilage in the high-ultrasound lineage provide increased reinforcement of the laryngeal structure during ultrasonic call production. Our findings therefore demonstrate an effect of selection for vocal behavior on laryngeal morphology, with acoustic consequences.
收起
摘要 :
The purpose of this study is to summarize the life and work of the French anatomist and surgeon Antoine Ferrein (1693-1769). Ferrein made an impact in the history of anatomy and physiology through his work and especially with the ...
展开
The purpose of this study is to summarize the life and work of the French anatomist and surgeon Antoine Ferrein (1693-1769). Ferrein made an impact in the history of anatomy and physiology through his work and especially with the description of phonation, renal anatomy, and liver and biliary structure. He also made an impact on ophthalmology with the description of the eyelid and its diseases. After a thorough review of the literature, we present in this review his life and his main discoveries with special emphasis on the anatomic description of the vocal chords resembling the chords of a violin tempered by the air exhaled from the lungs and how the physiology of phonation and the surgery of the larynx were revolutionized after that.
收起
摘要 :
The present study aims to identify the anatomical functional changes of the buccopharyngeal space in case of singers with canto voice. The interest in this field is particularly important in view of the relation between the artist...
展开
The present study aims to identify the anatomical functional changes of the buccopharyngeal space in case of singers with canto voice. The interest in this field is particularly important in view of the relation between the artistic performance level, phoniatry and functional anatomy, as the voice formation mechanism is not completely known yet. We conducted a morphometric study on three soprano voices that differ in type and training level. The anatomical soft structures from the superior vocal formant of each soprano were measured on images captured using the Cone-beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) technique. The results obtained, as well as the 3D reconstructions emphasize the particularities of the individual morphological features, especially in case of the experienced soprano soloist, which are found to be different for each anatomical soft structure, as well as for their integrity. The experimental results are encouraging and suggest further development of this study on soprano voices and also on other types of opera voices.
收起
摘要 :
Vocal sacs are present in most species of frogs and are the product of the interaction of three elements: the gular skin, the superficial submandibular musculature and an internal mucosa derived from the buccal floor. In this pape...
展开
Vocal sacs are present in most species of frogs and are the product of the interaction of three elements: the gular skin, the superficial submandibular musculature and an internal mucosa derived from the buccal floor. In this paper, we surveyed the structural diversity in the vocal sac of microhylids and related families in 109 exemplar species, including 11 of the 13 currently recognized subfamilies. We defined five characters related to anatomical and histological properties of the m. interhyoideus, as well as the relationship of this muscle and the vocal sac internal mucosa. We describe a vocal sac configuration characterized by highly abundant elastic fibres in association with muscle fibres, a very unusual structure in animal tissues. We discuss the evolution of novel structures in a phylogenetic context and identify new synapomorphies for Microhylidae and internal clades. Furthermore, we comment on the functional implications that these features have in vocal sac inflation.
收起
摘要 :
Science-education literature is replete with studies examining how students learn anatomy most effectively and efficiently. Some researchers have found that students learn best through hands-on learning, whereas other investigator...
展开
Science-education literature is replete with studies examining how students learn anatomy most effectively and efficiently. Some researchers have found that students learn best through hands-on learning, whereas other investigators have concluded students rate both computer and hands-on learning as effective and enjoyable. No study to date, however, has examined anatomical learning of preservice music education students on anatomical and physiological knowledge of the larynx. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effectiveness of virtual versus laboratory dissection in learning anatomy of the laryngeal structure for preservice music educators in a vocal pedagogy course. University students (N = 26) were given a pretest on laryngeal physiology and anatomy. Thereafter, the first group (n = 13) attended five 1-hour sessions of laryngeal dissection in a cadaver lab. The second group (n = 13) attended five 1-hour sessions in a computer lab equipped with Physiology and Anatomy Revealed, version 3.0 (McGraw Hill, New York, NY), a computer software program designed to simulate the dissection experience. Two days after finishing the laboratory or virtual dissection experience, each group was given a posttest. Perceptions were also gathered through a short questionnaire following the posttest. Results indicated that student knowledge and perceptions varied widely. All participants showed improved scores from pre- to posttest measures; however, scores were not significantly different between groups. Results are discussed in terms of feasibility of such a learning mode and importance of dissection experiences in understanding human anatomy as well impact on future music educators' teaching practice.
收起
摘要 :
Vocal production learning (VPL) is the experience-driven ability to produce novel vocal signals through imitation or modification of existing vocalizations. A parallel strand of research investigates acoustic allometry, namely how...
展开
Vocal production learning (VPL) is the experience-driven ability to produce novel vocal signals through imitation or modification of existing vocalizations. A parallel strand of research investigates acoustic allometry, namely how information about body size is conveyed by acoustic signals. Recently, we proposed that deviation from acoustic allometry principles as a result of sexual selection may have been an intermediate step towards the evolution of vocal learning abilities in mammals. Adopting a more hypothesis-neutral stance, here we perform phylogenetic regressions and other analyses further testing a potential link between VPL and being an allometric outlier. We find that multiple species belonging to VPL clades deviate from allometric scaling but in the opposite direction to that expected from size exaggeration mechanisms. In other words, our correlational approach finds an association between VPL and being an allometric outlier. However, the direction of this association, contra our original hypothesis, may indicate that VPL did not necessarily emerge via sexual selection for size exaggeration: VPL clades show higher vocalization frequencies than expected. In addition, our approach allows us to identify species with potential for VPL abilities: we hypothesize that those outliers from acoustic allometry lying above the regression line may be VPL species. Our results may help better understand the cross-species diversity, variability and aetiology of VPL, which among other things is a key underpinning of speech in our species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part II)'.
收起
摘要 :
Tissue-hardening effect and health-hazard issue of formaldehyde (FA) have long been a great disadvantage of this conventional fixative in anatomical research. We recently developed a FA-free embalming method for cadavers which uti...
展开
Tissue-hardening effect and health-hazard issue of formaldehyde (FA) have long been a great disadvantage of this conventional fixative in anatomical research. We recently developed a FA-free embalming method for cadavers which utilizes N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) and enables assessment of motion kinetics by maintaining the softness of embalmed tissue. By assessing the feasibility of NVP-embalmed tissue to mimic vocalization, this study aimed to prove the potential of embalmed cadavers, which have previously been used only for the understanding of anatomical morphology, for the assessment of precise motion physiology in the human body. Ten cadavers embalmed in NVP (n = 6) and FA (n = 4) were incorporated in this study. Excised larynges underwent experimental phonation to mimic vocalization with fast and pliable vibration of vocal folds. High-speed digital imaging was utilized for the assessment of vocal fold vibration. Furthermore, acoustic analysis of the voiced sound, and reproducibility examination were also performed. Regular vocal fold vibrations successfully produced voiced sounds during experimental phonation using NVP-embalmed larynges. The vibratory frequency, vibration amplitude, and stretch rate of the vocal folds were comparable to those of living humans. Six months after the first experiment, the vocal parameters were reproduced, to suggest the long-term preservation potential of our NVP-embalming technique. On the other hand, neither voiced sound nor vocal fold vibration were observed in FA-embalmed larynges. This novel embalming technique could pioneer the next era to utilize embalmed cadavers for the examination of motion physiology in the human body.
收起
原文获取