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Although melanoma now accounts for only 4% of all skin cancers, it is responsible for the greatest number of deaths related to skin cancer worldwide. When this finding is compared with figures from 2000 (1 in every 90 people) a st...
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Although melanoma now accounts for only 4% of all skin cancers, it is responsible for the greatest number of deaths related to skin cancer worldwide. When this finding is compared with figures from 2000 (1 in every 90 people) a startling difference appears: the estimated incidence has now increased to 1 in every 75 individuals. There has been a 3-fold increase in reported cases in middle-aged men and a 5-fold increase in older men over a similar period. The possibility of cure is highest when melanoma is treated in its early stages. The survival rates for patients with cutaneous melanoma are higher in developed countries (81% in Europe) than in developing countries (approximately 40%).As with nearly all malignancies, the possibility of curing melanoma depends on the stage at presentation. It is estimated that 82% to 85% of patients with melanoma present with localized disease, 10% to 13% with regional disease, and 2% to 5% with distant metastatic disease.
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PET/CT is a commonly used modality in cancer imaging, as it can help in diagnosis, staging and assessment of treatment response in many cancer types. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment and identification of multi...
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PET/CT is a commonly used modality in cancer imaging, as it can help in diagnosis, staging and assessment of treatment response in many cancer types. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment and identification of multiple selective targets are promoting further investigation into different radiotracers for diagnosis and therapy. In the past few decades many radiopharmaceuticals have emerged for specific oncologic indications providing superior detection rate than some morphologic modalities. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the most current radiopharmaceuticals used in cancer imaging including the mechanism of action, indications and pitfalls.
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Computed tomography (CT) is currently the standard modality to provide anatomical reference for positron emission tomography (PET) in molecular imaging applications. Since both PET and CT rely on detecting radiation to generate im...
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Computed tomography (CT) is currently the standard modality to provide anatomical reference for positron emission tomography (PET) in molecular imaging applications. Since both PET and CT rely on detecting radiation to generate images, using the same detection system for data acquisition is a compelling idea even though merging PET and CT hardware imposes stringent requirements on detectors. These requirements include large signal dynamic range with high signal-to-noise ratio for good energy resolution in PET and energy-resolved photon-counting CT, high pixelization for suitable spatial resolution in CT, and high count rate capability for reasonable CT acquisition time. To meet these criteria, the avalanche photodiode (APD)-based LabPET II module is proposed as the building block for a truly combined PET/CT scanner. The module is made of two monolithic APD pixel arrays mounted side-by-side on a custom ceramic holder. Individual APD pixels have an active area of at a 1.2 mm pitch. The APD arrays are coupled to a 12-mm high, LYSO scintillator array made of pixels also at a pitch of 1.2 mm to ensure direct one-to-one coupling to individual APD pixels. The scintillator array was designed with unbound specular reflective material between pixels to maximize the difference between refractive indices and enhance total internal reflection at the crystal side surfaces for better light collection, and the APD quantum efficiency was improved to at 420 nm to optimize intrinsic detector performance. Mean energy resolution was
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Lymphoma is one of the most common primary malignancies of the hematopoietic system. Lymphoid neoplasms are classified into Hodgkin’s and NonHodgkin’s lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for about 5% of all cases of malignan...
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Lymphoma is one of the most common primary malignancies of the hematopoietic system. Lymphoid neoplasms are classified into Hodgkin’s and NonHodgkin’s lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for about 5% of all cases of malignancies, It is less predictable than Hodgkin lymphoma and more liable for extranodal spread. Males are slightly more affected than females with higher incidence in white population. B-cell lymphomas have higher incidence in adults while T-cell lymphomas have higher incidence in children. With many imaging modalities that can describe the morphological changes in lymph nodes, it’s almost exclusive for the PET/CT to describe the biological changes in those lymph nodes through their uptake of FDG which has a great value in determining whether those lymph nodes are affected or not, which in turn will play an important role in treatment & management plan. What gives PET/CT scan the upper hand is that it acts on the biological level of the cells which permit early discovering of the affected lymph nodes, much earlier than standard C.T or MRI scan.
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Searching for the primitive tumor of a peritoneal carcinomatosis is sometimes a difficult task even with modern diagnostic modalities. However, it is of paramount importance to identify primary tumors in patients with peritoneal c...
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Searching for the primitive tumor of a peritoneal carcinomatosis is sometimes a difficult task even with modern diagnostic modalities. However, it is of paramount importance to identify primary tumors in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis, which are responsive to systemic chemotherapy and/or locoregional treatment. We presented a 74-years old female patient with massive malignant ascites. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) and Gallium scan failed to detect primary origin of peritoneal carcinomatosis. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT showed a FDG-avid lesion in right ovary with multiple FDG-avid nodules over mesentery and retroperitoneum. Under the impression of right ovarian cancer with peritoneal seeding, she underwent cytoreductive surgery with total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, bilateral pelvic lymph node, para-aortic lymph node dissection and partial omentectomy. Chemotherapy with avstin, taxol and carboplatin was administered following operation. The patient remained well after 4-month of follow-up. Her CA-125 and CA-199 went down and ascites resolved completely. Our data strongly suggest the combined F-18 FDG PET/CT is helpful in identifying, primary tumor origin in some patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis, whose primary cancer cannot be detected by conventional diagnostic modalities.
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摘要 :? 2018 Elsevier Inc.? 2018 Elsevier Inc. Although computed tomography (CT) and MR imaging alone have been used extensively to evaluate various musculoskeletal disorders, hybrid imaging modalities of PET-CT and PET–MR...
展开? 2018 Elsevier Inc.? 2018 Elsevier Inc. Although computed tomography (CT) and MR imaging alone have been used extensively to evaluate various musculoskeletal disorders, hybrid imaging modalities of PET-CT and PET–MR imaging were recently developed, combining the advantages of each method: molecular information from PET and anatomical information from CT or MR imaging. Furthermore, different radiotracers can be used in PET to uncover different disease mechanisms. In this article, potential applications of PET-CT and PET–MR imaging for benign musculoskeletal disorders are organized by benign cell proliferation/dysplasia, diabetic foot complications, joint prostheses, degeneration, inflammation, and trauma, metabolic bone disorders, and pain (acute and chronic) and peripheral nerve imaging.Although computed tomography (CT) and MR imaging alone have been used extensively to evaluate various musculoskeletal disorders, hybrid imaging modalities of PET-CT and PET–MR imaging were recently developed, combining the advantages of each method: molecular information from PET and anatomical information from CT or MR imaging. Furthermore, different radiotracers can be used in PET to uncover different disease mechanisms. In this article, potential applications of PET-CT and PET–MR imaging for benign musculoskeletal disorders are organized by benign cell proliferation/dysplasia, diabetic foot complications, joint prostheses, degeneration, inflammation, and trauma, metabolic bone disorders, and pain (acute and chronic) and peripheral nerve imaging.
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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a diagnostic imaging method to examine metabolic functions and their disorders.Dedicated ring systems of scintillation detectors measure the 511 keV gamma-radiation produced in the course of t...
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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a diagnostic imaging method to examine metabolic functions and their disorders.Dedicated ring systems of scintillation detectors measure the 511 keV gamma-radiation produced in the course of the positron emission from radiolabeled metabolically active molecules.A great number of radiopharmaceuticals labelled with 11C,13N,15O,or 18F positron emitters have been applied both for research and clinical purposes in neurology,cardiology and oncology.The recent success of PET with rapidly increasing installations is mainly based on the use of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in oncology where it is most useful to localize primary tumours and their metastases.
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Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in developing countries, stands second in developed countries, and accounts for 15.3% of all cancers in the United States. Based on 2013 through 2015 Surveillance, Epi...
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Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in developing countries, stands second in developed countries, and accounts for 15.3% of all cancers in the United States. Based on 2013 through 2015 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data, 12.4% of women will be diagnosed with breast cancer at some point during their lives. Despite the increasing incidence of breast cancer in recent decades, survival rates have improved because of earlier diagnosis,new treatment strategies, and incorporation of molecular imaqinq.
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Background: Radiation pneumonitis is one of the most common side effects after radiotherapy (RT) for thoracic malignancy. Functional and metabolic imaging with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) positron emission tomography...
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Background: Radiation pneumonitis is one of the most common side effects after radiotherapy (RT) for thoracic malignancy. Functional and metabolic imaging with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has been applied to detect cancer cells and also to quantify the inflammation based on the metabolism of the FDG uptake in cancer cells and normal tissues. This study aimed to assess tumor response and lung inflammatory changes by using F-18 FDG PET/CT glycolysis after RT for esophageal cancer patients.Methods: This retrospective study enrolled the RT treatment planning (RTP), pre-RT and post-RT FDG-PET/CT images of 25 esophageal cancer patients receiving modern arc-modulated RT. Then we used RT planning software to fuse the CT images with the pre-RT and post-RT FDG-PET/ CT images. We set the 5 Gy isodose line as the threshold of the irradiated area and divided the irradiated volume of lungs into a high dose (HD) > =5 Gy area and a low dose (LD) < 5 Gy area. The FDG-PET/CT metabolic value analysis was performed on the HD and LD areas of the right lung, the left lung, and the whole lung respectively. The values include standard uptake value (SUV), maximum SUV (SUVmax), mean SUV (SUVmean), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), global lung glycolysis (GLG) of pre-RT, and post-RT FDG-PET/CT were analyzed.Results: As compared with the metabolic response of pre-RT and post-RT in twenty-five enrolled esophageal cancer patients, there was a significant decrease in the SUVmax (63%), SUVmean (48%), and TLG (76%) (all p < 0.05) of the primary esophageal tumor. After RT, the pre-RT SUVmax (23%), SUVmean (16%), and GLG (38%) (all p < 0.05) of HD irradiated lung area were significantly higher than those of post-RT. There was no significant change in SUVmax, SUVmean, or GLG of the LD lung area.Conclusions: This study found that there were significant decreases in SUVmax, SUVmean, and TLG of the primary esophageal tumor. There were also significant increases in SUVmax, SUVmean, GLG of the HD > =5 Gy lung area in esophageal cancer patients. By the integration of CT of RT planning and FDG-PET/CT images, segmentation of tumor and HL lung area, the SUVmax, SUVmean, TLG, GLG might be a potential clinical indicator of tumor response and post-RT lung inflammation.
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