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The incorporation of different types of buffer layers has demonstrated to improve the efficiency of Cu_2ZnSnS_4 (CZTS) thin film solar cells. The materials tested as buffer layers were Cadmium Sulphide (CdS), Zinc Sulphide (ZnS) a...
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The incorporation of different types of buffer layers has demonstrated to improve the efficiency of Cu_2ZnSnS_4 (CZTS) thin film solar cells. The materials tested as buffer layers were Cadmium Sulphide (CdS), Zinc Sulphide (ZnS) and Cadmium Zinc Sulphide (Cd_(7.23)Zn_(2.77)S_(10)). The effect of the buffer layer and the absorber layers on the structural, morphological and optical properties of the films was studied. As grown CZTS thin films made with SILAR method were annealed at 550 °C in the sulfur atmosphere for 60 min to improve the crystallinity of the material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman studies confirm the formation of kesterite structure in CZTS thin film. CdS, ZnS and Cd_(7.23)Zn_(2.77)S_(10) thin films also confirm crystalline nature with crystallite sizes being 9 nm, 13 nm and 14 nm respectively. Leaf, flower and petal−like morphologies of CdS, ZnS and Cd_(7.23)Zn_(2.77)S_(10) thin films respectively have been confirmed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The electrical properties of the completed CZTS solar cells were also examined. From the obtained J-V characteristic curves upon illumination of the heterojunction solar cells, we calculated the power conversion efficiency to be 0.76%, 1.00% and 1.24% for the FTO/ZnO/ZnS/CZTS/Ag, FTO/ZnO/CdS/CZTS/Ag and FTO/ZnO/Cd_(7.23)Zn_(2.77)S_(10)/CZTS/Ag respectively.
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Исследовано химотрипсино-, трипсино- и каспазоподобную протеасомальные активности в клетках поджелудочной железы и установл...
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Исследовано химотрипсино-, трипсино- и каспазоподобную протеасомальные активности в клетках поджелудочной железы и установлено их изменение при экспериментальном панкреатите – повышение химотрипсиноподобной АТФ-независимой активности на фоне снижения трипсиноподобной и каспазо- подобной активностей. При этом, снижение трипсиноподобной активности происходило за счет АТФ-зависимого гидролиза, тогда как каспазоподобной – за счет АТФ-независимого гидролиза.
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As already stated by CN09, we agree with P09 thatthere is not enough evidence to unambiguously conclude that NAT-like layers in CN09 are actually composed of NATcrystals. Mixtures of liquid aerosols and ice, as proposed byP09, app...
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As already stated by CN09, we agree with P09 thatthere is not enough evidence to unambiguously conclude that NAT-like layers in CN09 are actually composed of NATcrystals. Mixtures of liquid aerosols and ice, as proposed byP09, appear as a convincing possibility. As mentioned byCN09, other potential candidates include very small, non-spherical ice crystals that have been observed in situ insignificant concentrations [Gayet et al., 2007]; it remains tobe seen if such particles are thermodynamically stable in thespecific conditions of the TTL. However, this reply tries toshow why we also think that it is too soon to defmitely ruleout a NAT composition for the non-ice/non-liquid layers inCALIOP TTL observations. More studies, including remotesensing and in-situ observations, are required to fullyresolve these questions.
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Swelling and the progressive destruction of articular cartilage are major characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systemic autoimmune disease that directly affects the synovial joints and often causes severe disability in ...
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Swelling and the progressive destruction of articular cartilage are major characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systemic autoimmune disease that directly affects the synovial joints and often causes severe disability in the affected positions. Recent studies have shown that type B synoviocytes, which are also called fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), as the most commonly and chiefly resident cells, play a crucial role in early-onset and disease progression by producing various mediators. During the pathogenesis of RA, the FLSs' phenotype is altered, and represent invasive behavior similar to that observed in tumor conditions. Modified and stressful microenvironment by FLSs leads to the recruitment of other immune cells and, eventually, pannus formation. The origins of this cancerous phenotype stem fundamentally from the significant metabolic changes in glucose, lipids, and oxygen metabolism pathways.?Moreover, the genetic abnormalities and epigenetic alterations have recently been implicated in cancer-like behaviors of RA FLSs. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms underlying the transformation of FLSs to a cancer-like phenotype during RA. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms may lead to devising more effective and targeted treatment strategies.
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A polymeric sorbent with high selectivity and capacity for phenols in aqueous stream was synthesized based on 5-amino-2-methoxyphenol functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate), P(GMA-TRIM)-AM...
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A polymeric sorbent with high selectivity and capacity for phenols in aqueous stream was synthesized based on 5-amino-2-methoxyphenol functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate), P(GMA-TRIM)-AMP. In addition to sorption, the materials were studied using solid-stated NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Well-defined internal micrometer-sized spheres of P(GMA-TRIM)-AMP have stable macropore inner structures surrounded by a thin outer shell. The sorbent has functional groups that are similar in chemical structure to 4-propyl-2-methoxyphenol, PMP, and show high selectivity in removal of PMP from glucose- and xylose-containing monosaccharides solutions in bioethanol production without the loss of the saccharides. The sorbent could also be used to separate phenol and 4-chlorophenol from waste water that contained concentrations of phenols in the ppm range. The sorbent is easily regenerated, has good durability and reusability. It was regenerated and reused at least 10 times without loss in sorption behavior.
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Olfaction plays a significant role in the sensing of foods. However, little information is available at any age on the relationship between the hedonic responses to given food odours and the effective liking and disliking of foods...
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Olfaction plays a significant role in the sensing of foods. However, little information is available at any age on the relationship between the hedonic responses to given food odours and the effective liking and disliking of foods bearing these same odours. The present study aimed to assess the relationships between food odour liking and liking of the corresponding foods. This study relied on a longitudinal design involving 235 toddlers who were assessed for both their observed liking of a set of food odours and their parent-reported liking of foods at 12 and 22 months. To assess odour liking, eight odorants representing pleasant and unpleasant foods were presented in bottles along with neutral stimuli. The participants' behaviour towards the odorized and control bottles was measured in terms of mouthing, a behaviour considered to reflect attraction. For each odorant, odour-liking scores were calculated relative to the control The participants' food liking was rated by the parents at the periods 12-15 and 21-24 months. Positive correlations were found between the odour-liking scores for some of the odours and the liking of the associated foods. These correlations concerned foods with strong, unpleasant flavours at 12 months only, suggesting that the olfactory system acts as an 'alarm' system during this period of food transition. At 22 months, no significant correlations were found, except a marginal one for green vegetables. Whatever the age, no significant correlations were found for pleasant odours.
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Nanozymes are artificial enzymes, which can substitute natural enzymes for wide range of catalysis-based applications. However, it is challenging to explore novel mimic enzymes or multi-enzyme mimics. Herein we report the facile p...
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Nanozymes are artificial enzymes, which can substitute natural enzymes for wide range of catalysis-based applications. However, it is challenging to explore novel mimic enzymes or multi-enzyme mimics. Herein we report the facile preparation of uniform CuS nanoclusters (NCs), which possessed outstanding tetra-enzyme mimetic catalytic activities, including peroxidase (POD)-mimics, catalase (CAT)-mimics, ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO)-mimics and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimics. The catalytic mechanism of POD-like was coming from the oxygen vacancies of CuS. Furthermore, the steady-state kinetics of POD-, CAT- and AAO mimics of CuS NCs were systematically explored. On basis of the enzymatic cascade reaction that acid phosphatase (ACP) involved in a weak acidic environment, in the presence of O-phenylenediamine, quinoxaline fluorescent substance will be generated. Thus, a fluorescent biosensor platform was proposed for detection of ACP with the linear range of 0.05-25 U L-1 and limit of detection of 0.01 U L-1. The as-proposed method was applicable to real serum sample detection accurately and reproducibly. Considering the simple preparation, good stability, excellent multienzyme activities and controllable experimental operation, CuS NCs would provide a basis for expanding to other biocatalytic and biomedical applications.
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The jumbo phages encode proteins that assemble to form a nucleus-like compartment in infected cells. Here we report the cryo-EM structure and biochemistry characterization of gp105, a protein that is encoded by the jumbo phage 201...
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The jumbo phages encode proteins that assemble to form a nucleus-like compartment in infected cells. Here we report the cryo-EM structure and biochemistry characterization of gp105, a protein that is encoded by the jumbo phage 201φ2-1 and is involved in the formation of the nucleus-like compartment in phage 201φ2-1 infected Pseudomonas chlororaphis. We found that, although most gp105 molecules are in the monomeric state in solution, a small portion of gp105 assemble to form large sheet-like assemblies and small cube-like particles. Reconstruction of the cube-like particles showed that the particle consists of six flat head-to-tail tetramers arranged into an octahedral cube. The four molecules at the contact interface of two head-to-tail tetramers are 2-fold symmetry-related and constitute a concave tetramer. Further reconstructions without applying symmetry showed that molecules in the particles around the distal ends of a 3-fold axis are highly dynamic and have the tendency to open up the assembly. Local classifications and refinements of the concave tetramers in the cube-like particle resulted in a map of the concave tetramer at a resolution of 4.09 ?. Structural analysis of the concave tetramer indicates that the N and C terminal fragments of gp105 are important for mediating the intermolecular interactions, which was further confirmed by mutagenesis studies. Biochemistry assays showed that, in solution, the cube-like particles of gp105 are liable to either disassemble to form the monomers or recruit more molecules to form the high molecular weight lattice-like assembly. We also found that monomeric gp105s can self-assemble to form large sheet-like assemblies in vitro, and the assembly of gp105 in vitro is a reversible dynamic process and temperature-dependent. Taken together, our results revealed the dynamic assembly of gp105, which helps to understand the development and function of the nucleus-like compartment assembled by phage-encoded proteins.
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<abstract_text><p>When the Affordable Care Act (ACA) became law in 2010, public opinion of it was narrowly divided and deeply partisan. Our review of 102 nationally representative public opinion polls in the period 2010-19 reveals...
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<abstract_text><p>When the Affordable Care Act (ACA) became law in 2010, public opinion of it was narrowly divided and deeply partisan. Our review of 102 nationally representative public opinion polls in the period 2010-19 reveals that opinion remains divided and has shifted in a sustained way at only two points in time: in a negative direction following technical problems in the first enrollment period, and in a positive direction after President Donald Trump's election and subsequent Republican repeal efforts. In late 2019 the ACA was more popular than ever, yet partisan divisions have gotten larger rather than smaller. Many core elements of the law remain popular across partisan groups, even as fewer people recognize the ACA as the source of some of these provisions. While Republicans may never embrace the law that is seen as President Barack Obama's legacy, the public's reluctance to see certain benefits taken away will continue to be a roadblock for people who would seek to repeal or dismantle it.</p></abstract_text>
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The Koszul-like property for any finitely generated graded modules over a Koszul-like algebra is investigated and the notion of weakly Koszul-like module is introduced. We show that a finitely generated graded module M is a weakly...
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The Koszul-like property for any finitely generated graded modules over a Koszul-like algebra is investigated and the notion of weakly Koszul-like module is introduced. We show that a finitely generated graded module M is a weakly Koszul-like module if and only if it can be approximated by Koszul-like graded submodules, which is equivalent to the fact that G(M) is a Koszul-like module, where G(M) denotes the associated graded module of M. As applications, the relationships between minimal graded projective resolutions of M and G(M), and Koszul-like submodules are established. Moreover, the Koszul dual of a weakly Koszul-like module is proved to be generated in degree 0 as a graded E(A) -module.
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