摘要 :
Industrial companies are nowadays acting in global production networks (GPNs). A comprehensive scientific overview of those networks is still missing. To close this gap, a framework for designing and operating GPNs is introduced. ...
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Industrial companies are nowadays acting in global production networks (GPNs). A comprehensive scientific overview of those networks is still missing. To close this gap, a framework for designing and operating GPNs is introduced. It structures influencing factors, challenges, enablers and outlines the need for decision support systems. The state of the art in designing and operating GPNs is reviewed. Three trends are identified that help to transform historical grown networks into changeable GPNs with a focused network footprint. In conclusion, a need for future research in forming the production strategy, designing the network footprint and managing the network is given. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of CIRP.
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The aim of the present paper is to investigate bio-fuels produced from biomass materials by thermochemical and biochemical methods and the utilization trends of the products in the world. Bio-fuels are liquid or gaseous fuels made...
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The aim of the present paper is to investigate bio-fuels produced from biomass materials by thermochemical and biochemical methods and the utilization trends of the products in the world. Bio-fuels are liquid or gaseous fuels made from plant matter and residues, such as agricultural crops, municipal wastes and agricultural and forestry by-products. Liquid bio-fuels being considered world overfall into the following categories: (a) vegetable oils and biodiesels; (b) alcohols; and (c) biocrude and synthetic oils. Bioethanol can be produced from cellulose feedstocks such as corn stalks, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse, pulpwood, switchgrass, and municipal solid waste. Conversion technologies for producing bioethanol from cellulosic biomass resources such as forest materials, agricultural residues and urban wastes are under development and have not yet been demonstrated commercially. Biodiesel fuel can be made from new or used vegetable oils and animal fats, which are non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable resources.The problems with substituting triglycerides for diesel fuels are mostly associated with their high viscosities, low volatilities and polyunsaturated character. Different ways have been considered to reduce the high viscosity of vegetable oils.
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Cross-border dispersion of production processes within vertically integrated global industries (global production sharing) has been an increasingly important structural feature of economic globalisation in the recent decades. This...
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Cross-border dispersion of production processes within vertically integrated global industries (global production sharing) has been an increasingly important structural feature of economic globalisation in the recent decades. This paper examines patterns and determinants of global production sharing with an emphasis on how Australian manufacturing fits into global production networks (GPNs). Though Australia is a minor player in GPNs, there is evidence that Australian manufacturing has a distinct competitive edge in specialised, skill-intensive tasks in several industries such as aircraft, medical devices, machine tools, measuring and scientific equipment and photographic equipment. Specialisation in high-value-to-weight components and final goods within GPNs, which are suitable for air transport, helps Australian manufacturing to overcome the tyranny of distance in world trade. Being predominantly relationship specific, Australian GPN exports are not significantly susceptible to real exchange rate appreciation.
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The development and validation of an 8-item scale for assessing consumers' local-global identity are described in this paper. Based on six studies of student and non-student samples from three countries, we demonstrate the psychom...
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The development and validation of an 8-item scale for assessing consumers' local-global identity are described in this paper. Based on six studies of student and non-student samples from three countries, we demonstrate the psychometric properties of this scale, its reliability, and discriminant and convergent validity with related constructs, such as consumer ethnocentrism, nationalism, and global consumption orientation. We also test the scale's ability to predict consumers' preference between local and global products. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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Die Globalisierung der Produktion steht zurzeit ganz oben auf der Agenda von Entscheidungstragern in Unternehmen. Sowohl das Wachstumspotenzial in sich gerade entwickelnden Markten in Asien als auch das Kostenoptimierungspotenzial...
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Die Globalisierung der Produktion steht zurzeit ganz oben auf der Agenda von Entscheidungstragern in Unternehmen. Sowohl das Wachstumspotenzial in sich gerade entwickelnden Markten in Asien als auch das Kostenoptimierungspotenzial zur Steigerung der eigenen Wettbewerbsfahigkeit sind immense Chancen, die keine Alternative als das aktive Aufgreifen dieser Entwicklung lassen. Dass dieser Prozess nicht ohne Risiko ist, zeigen die haufig in der Offentlichkeit diskutierten Fehlschlage bei Verlagerungen aber auch Insolvenzen von Unternehmen, die dem globalen Wettbewerb nicht standhalten konnten.
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Mit der Offnung der Markte und dem Ruckgang von Transferbarrieren haben sich fur die produzierende Industrie interessante Potenziale, sowohl fur die Ressourcenbeschaffung, als auch fur den Absatz der Produkte ergeben. Die Gestaltu...
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Mit der Offnung der Markte und dem Ruckgang von Transferbarrieren haben sich fur die produzierende Industrie interessante Potenziale, sowohl fur die Ressourcenbeschaffung, als auch fur den Absatz der Produkte ergeben. Die Gestaltung eines Standortverbunds, der sowohl die Potenziale neuer Absatzmarkte, als auch die Kosten vorteile des globalen Ressourcenzugangs zu erschliessen vermag ist daher ein Thema von wachsender Relevanz. Der Beitrag stellt eine Heuristik vor, die die Gestaltung der Standortstruktur anhand der Absatz- und Beschaffungsmarktgegebenheiten orientiert.
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This study compares, spatially explicitly and at global scale, per capita water availability and water requirements for food production presently (1971–2000) and in the future given climate and population change (2070–99). A veg...
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This study compares, spatially explicitly and at global scale, per capita water availability and water requirements for food production presently (1971–2000) and in the future given climate and population change (2070–99). A vegetation and hydrology model Lund–Potsdam–Jena managed Land (LPJmL) was used to calculate green and blue water availability per capita, water requirements to produce a balanced diet representing a benchmark for hunger alleviation [3000 kilocalories per capita per day (1 kilocalorie 5 4184 joules), here assumed to consist of 80% vegetal food and 20% animal products], and a new water scarcity indicator that relates the two at country scale. A country was considered water-scarce if its water availability fell below the water requirement for the specified diet, which is presently the case especially in North and East Africa and in southwestern Asia. Under climate (derived from 17 general circulation models) and population change (A2 and B1 emissions and population scenarios), water availability per person will most probably diminish in many regions. At the same time the calorie-specific water requirements tend to decrease, due mainly to the positive effect of rising atmospheric CO_2 concentration on crop water productivity—which, however, is very uncertain to be fully realized in most regions. As a net effect of climate, CO_2, and population change, water scarcity will become aggravated in many countries, and a number of additional countries are at risk of losing their present capacity to produce a balanced diet for their inhabitants.
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The COVID-19 pandemic, extreme temperatures and the Russia–Ukraine conflict have exposed deficiencies in global agricultural production capacity and governance systems, which left low-income countries and regions to face more sev...
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The COVID-19 pandemic, extreme temperatures and the Russia–Ukraine conflict have exposed deficiencies in global agricultural production capacity and governance systems, which left low-income countries and regions to face more severe food insecurity. Thus, there is an urgent need for agricultural upgrading and the establishment of a more sustainable agricultural system. Although there is a large body of literature with rich theoretical and empirical case studies, there is still a lack of systematic analysis of these studies, and the summary of global agricultural production networks and the agricultural upgrading process is not sufficient. This article will first set up an organisational framework of global agricultural production networks and explore the implications of governance and agricultural upgrading within this framework. It will then summarise the local agricultural upgrading processes on global, national and local scales based on a review of the existing literature. The article argues that agricultural upgrading in the context of global linkages is mainly driven by private-sector standards while the state also plays multiple roles. Moreover, in the embedding process of global agricultural production networks into local areas, local actors can promote agricultural upgrading through capacity building and organisational innovation. This review has implications for the economic, social and environmental sustainability of agriculture in developing countries, and provides a reference for future research.
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GREW'07 was held in conjunction with the International Conference on Global Software Engineering in Munich Germany. The aim was to bring researchers and industry practitioners together to discuss the area of global product develop...
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GREW'07 was held in conjunction with the International Conference on Global Software Engineering in Munich Germany. The aim was to bring researchers and industry practitioners together to discuss the area of global product development from a requirements engineering and product management perspective. The workshop aimed to analyze selected challenges put forward by accepted papers from both industry and academia. The session discussions then focused on identifying future needs for research, the relevance of which was assured by good industry presence at the workshop. The workshop resulted in a number of findings that can play an important role to further develop the field of global product management and requirements engineering.
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We investigated the impact of drought on interannual variability of net primary productivity (NPP) from 1997 to 2009, using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) drought index and satellite-derived vegetat...
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We investigated the impact of drought on interannual variability of net primary productivity (NPP) from 1997 to 2009, using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) drought index and satellite-derived vegetation greenness converted to NPP. SPEI is positive for wet conditions and negative for dry conditions. We found that SPEI and NPP were coupled and showed in-phase behaviour on a global scale. We then used the K?ppen climate classification to study the SPEI-NPP relations regionally and found that while NPP and SPEI were positively related (high SPEI, high NPP) in arid and in seasonal dry regions, the opposite occurs in most boreal regions (high SPEI, low NPP). High intensity drought events, such as the 2003 drought in Europe were picked up by our analysis. Our findings suggest that the strong positive relation between global average moisture availability and NPP consists of a composite of the positive relation across dry regions and the coherent NPP decline during and after intensive drought events in humid regions. Importantly, we also found that there are many areas on the globe that show no strong correlation between drought and NPP.
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