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In this study, 500 honey samples (with combs) were collected directly from the hives in various parts of Istanbul. The presence and the interactions of different microbiological and parasitological parameters (coliforms, Escherich...
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In this study, 500 honey samples (with combs) were collected directly from the hives in various parts of Istanbul. The presence and the interactions of different microbiological and parasitological parameters (coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Ascosphaera apis, Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusfumigatus, Paenibacillus larvae, Melissococcuspluton, and Nosema spp.) were investigated. According to the results, 80 samples (16%) tested positive for coliforms, 18 samples (3.6%) for E. coli,67 samples (13.4%) for S. aureus, 51 samples (10.2%) for A. apis, 22 samples (4.4%) for A. flavus, 32 samples (6.4%) for A. fumigatus, 16 samples (3.2%) for P. larvae, 29 samples (5.8%) for M. pluton, and 39 samples (7.8%) for Nosema spp. The results showed that there were significant correlations among all the binary relationships of microbiological parameters (coliforms, E. coli, S. aureus, P. larvae, and M. pluton), while no interactions were detected among the parasitological parameters (A. apis, A.flavus, A. fumigatus, and Nosema spp.). Additionally, no significant relations were determined between parasitological and microbiological parameters.
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Abstract Biofilms pose a serious public health hazard with a significant economic impact on the food industry. The present scoping review is designed to analyse the literature published during 2001–2020 on biofilm formation of mi...
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Abstract Biofilms pose a serious public health hazard with a significant economic impact on the food industry. The present scoping review is designed to analyse the literature published during 2001–2020 on biofilm formation of microbes, their detection methods, and association with antimicrobial resistance (if any). The peer‐reviewed articles retrieved from 04 electronic databases were assessed using PRISMA‐ScR guidelines. From the 978 preliminary search results, a total of 88 publications were included in the study. On analysis, the commonly isolated pathogens were Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Vibrio spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Clostridium perfringens. The biofilm‐forming ability of microbes was found to be influenced by various factors such as attachment surfaces, temperature, presence of other species, nutrient availability etc. A total of 18 studies characterized the biofilm‐forming genes, particularly for S. aureus, Salmonella spp., and E. coli. In most studies, polystyrene plate and/or stainless‐steel coupons were used for biofilm formation, and the detection was carried out by crystal violet assays and/or by plate counting method. The strain‐specific significant differences in biofilm formation were observed in many studies, and few studies carried out analysis of multi‐species biofilms. The association between biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance was not clearly defined. Further, viable but non‐culturable form of the foodborne pathogens is posing an unseen (by conventional cultivation techniques) but potent threat to the food safety. The present review recommends the need for carrying out systematic surveys and risk analysis of biofilms in food chain to highlight the evidence‐based public health concerns, especially in regions where microbiological food hazards are quite prevalent.
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Foodborne pathogens are responsible for an increasing burden of disease worldwide. Knowledge on the contribution of different food sources and water for disease is essential to prioritize food safety interventions and implement ap...
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Foodborne pathogens are responsible for an increasing burden of disease worldwide. Knowledge on the contribution of different food sources and water for disease is essential to prioritize food safety interventions and implement appropriate control measures. Source attribution using outbreak data utilizes readily available data from outbreak surveillance to estimate the contribution of different sources to human disease. We developed a probabilistic model based on outbreak data that attributes human foodborne disease by various bacterial pathogens to sources in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C). Foods implicated in outbreaks were classified by their ingredients as simple foods (i.e. belonging to one single food category), or complex foods (i.e. belonging to multiple food categories). For each agent, the data from simple-food outbreaks were summarized, and the proportion of outbreaks caused by each category was used to define the probability that an outbreak was caused by a source. For the calculation of the number of outbreaks attributed to each source, simple-food outbreaks were attributed to the single food category in question, and complex-food outbreaks were partitioned to each category proportionally to the estimated probability. We analysed all bacterial pathogens together, focused on important bacterial pathogens separately, and, when data were sufficient, performed analyses by country, decade and location. Between 1993 and 2010, 6313 bacterial outbreaks were reported by 20 countries. In general, the most important sources of bacterial disease were meat, dairy products, water and vegetables in the 1990s, and eggs, vegetables, and grains and beans in the 2000s. We observed fluctuations of the most important sources of disease for each pathogen between decades and countries, which may be a consequence of changes in the control of zoonotic disease over the years, of changes in food consumption habits, or of changes in public health focus and availability of data of different pathogens. This study identified data gaps in the region and highlighted the importance of effective surveillance systems to identify sources of disease. Still, the application of this method for source attribution in the LA&C region was successful, and we concluded that this approach can be used to attribute disease to food sources and water in other regions, including developing regions with limited data on the public health impact of foodborne diseases.Digital Object Identifier http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.04.018
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Foodborne pathogens are responsible for an increasing burden of disease worldwide. Knowledge on the contribution of different food sources and water for disease is essential to prioritize food safety interventions and implement ap...
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Foodborne pathogens are responsible for an increasing burden of disease worldwide. Knowledge on the contribution of different food sources and water for disease is essential to prioritize food safety interventions and implement appropriate control measures. Source attribution using outbreak data utilizes readily available data from outbreak surveillance to estimate the contribution of different sources to human disease. We developed a probabilistic model based on outbreak data that attributes human foodborne disease by various bacterial pathogens to sources in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C). Foods implicated in outbreaks were classified by their ingredients as simple foods (i.e. belonging to one single food category), or complex foods (i.e. belonging to multiple food categories). For each agent, the data from simple-food outbreaks were summarized, and the proportion of outbreaks caused by each category was used to define the probability that an outbreak was caused by a source. For the calculation of the number of outbreaks attributed to each source, simple-food outbreaks were attributed to the single food category in question, and complex-food outbreaks were partitioned to each category proportionally to the estimated probability. We analysed all bacterial pathogens together, focused on important bacterial pathogens separately, and, when data were sufficient, performed analyses by country, decade and location. Between 1993 and 2010, 6313 bacterial outbreaks were reported by 20 countries. In general, the most important sources of bacterial disease were meat, dairy products, water and vegetables in the 1990s, and eggs, vegetables, and grains and beans in the 2000s. We observed fluctuations of the most important sources of disease for each pathogen between decades and countries, which may be a consequence of changes in the control of zoonotic disease over the years, of changes in food consumption habits, or of changes in public health focus and availability of data of different pathogens. This study identified data gaps in the region and highlighted the importance of effective surveillance systems to identify sources of disease. Still, the application of this method for source attribution in the LA&C region was successful, and we concluded that this approach can be used to attribute disease to food sources and water in other regions, including developing regions with limited data on the public health impact of foodborne diseases.Digital Object Identifier http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.04.018
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In Japan, strategies for ensuring food safety have been developed without reliable scientific evidence on the relationship between foodborne diseases and food sources. This study aimed to provide information on the proportions of ...
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In Japan, strategies for ensuring food safety have been developed without reliable scientific evidence on the relationship between foodborne diseases and food sources. This study aimed to provide information on the proportions of foodborne diseases caused by seven major causative pathogens (Campylobacter spp., Salmonella, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli [EHEC], Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and norovirus) attributed to foods and to explore factors affecting changes in these source attribution proportions over time using analysis of outbreak surveillance data. For the calculation of the number of outbreaks attributed to each source, simple-food outbreaks were assigned to the single-food category in question, and complex-food outbreaks were classified under each category proportional to the estimated probability. During 2007 to 2018, 8,730 outbreaks of foodborne diseases caused by seven pathogens were reported, of which 6,690 (76.6%) were of unknown source. We estimated the following source attribution proportions of foodborne diseases: chicken products (80.3%, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 80.1 to 80.4) for Campylobacter spp.; beef products (50.1%, UI 47.0 to 51.5) and vegetables (42.3%, UI 40.9 to 45.5) for EHEC; eggs (34.6%, UI 27.8 to 41.4) and vegetables (34.4%, UI 27.8 to 40.8) for Salmonella; finfish (50.3%, UI 33.3 to 66.7) and shellfish (49.7%, UI 33.3 to 66.7) for V. parahaemolyticus; grains and beans (57.8%, UI 49.7 to 64.9) for 5. aureus; vegetables (63.6%, UI 48.5 to 74.6), chicken products (12.7%, UI 4.6 to 21.5), and beef products (11.1%, UI 8.5 to 13.1) for C. perfringens; and shellfish (75.5%, UI 74.7 to 76.2) for norovirus. In this study, we provide the best available evidence-based information to evaluate the link between foodborne diseases and foods. Our results on source attribution for Campylobacter spp. and EHEC suggest that the strict health regulations for raw beef were reflected in the proportions of these diseases attributed to this food.
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Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen, is of great concern especially for the ready-to-eat (RTE) food industry. The purpose of the study was to determine the number of L. monocytogenes in 300 RTE poultry products...
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Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen, is of great concern especially for the ready-to-eat (RTE) food industry. The purpose of the study was to determine the number of L. monocytogenes in 300 RTE poultry products at their shelf-life expiry date. The samples were examined following the ISO 11290-2:2005 protocol. Overall, 6% and 3% of the analyzed products were positive for Listeria spp. and L monocytogenes, re spectively. The occurrence of L. monocytogenes was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in raw RTE poultry products than in heat treated RTE poultry products. The contamination level of L. monocytogenes was < 10 cfu/g in 94%, between 10 and 100 cfu/g in 3% and > 100 cfu/g in 1 % of the samples. L monocytogenes were isolated from products of various lots from 3 out of 7 manufacturers. All 18 L monocytogenes belonged to serotype 1/2a and among the isolates only two PFGE patterns were obtained, indicating a common contamination source. This is the first study that surveyed the number of L monocytogenes in RTE poultry products at the end of their shelf-life. The high frequency of L. monocytogenes found in frankfurters and raw spreadable sausages un derlines the need for food manufacturers to regularly control L. monocytogenes in the food processing envi ronment. Consumers should nevertheless be cautious when handling these products. Since poultry products are becoming more and more popular for consumers, regular monitoring is necessary to track the occurrence of the pathogen in RTE poultry products.
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Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide prevalent, zoonotic parasite of major importance for public health, which can infect any warm-blooded animal species, including humans. Humans can get infected by consumption of meat from a chronic...
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Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide prevalent, zoonotic parasite of major importance for public health, which can infect any warm-blooded animal species, including humans. Humans can get infected by consumption of meat from a chronically infected animal, by ingestion of sporulated oocysts (resulting from the sexual replication in felids), via contaminated water, soil, or vegetables, and by vertical transmission via the placenta. Infection through meat consumption is estimated to be one of the main sources of human toxoplasmosis cases in developed countries, and more specifically pork is considered to be responsible for 41% of foodborne human toxoplasmosis cases in the United States. To better assess the role of pork as a source of T. gondii infection in humans in Belgium, parasites were isolated from pigs to compare with human clinical isolates in a molecular epidemiological study. A positive result was obtained by magnetic capture-quantitative polymerase chain reaction for T. gondii in 14 out of the 92 hearts sampled during 2016 and 2017 from pigs raised in organic farms. From 9 of these 14 samples, parasites were isolated by mouse bioassay, demonstrating the presence of viable T. gondii in animals intended for human consumption. When genotyped and compared with 15 human isolates obtained during 2015 and 2016, a highly related structured population was demonstrated. Overall, these findings demonstrate the presence of infectious T. gondii in pigs intended for human consumption. Therefore, a potential transmission of T. gondii strains from pigs to humans could occur. However, both species could also be infected via a common source of infection such as oocysts. Furthermore, Belgium does not have an official surveillance program for T. gondii in human cases or food-producing animals; as a consequence, the detection of the infection source of a patient is very rare. Overall, this study reinforces the identification of pork as a potential risk for the consumers.
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Objectives: To estimate the proportions of human cases of nine specific microbial diseases in New Zealand that were due to transmission by food and the proportion of the foodborne burden that was due to transmission by some specif...
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Objectives: To estimate the proportions of human cases of nine specific microbial diseases in New Zealand that were due to transmission by food and the proportion of the foodborne burden that was due to transmission by some specific foods. Materials and Methods: Subjective probability distributions were elicited from 10 food safety experts using a modified Delphi approach. In addition to uniform weighting of experts' opinions, two techniques were used to measure individual's expertise; self-assessment and performance-based weighting using Cooke's classical method. Aggregate estimates were derived by simulation. Results: Food was estimated to be the primary route of transmission for infections due to Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, nontyphoid Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Uncertainties were lowest for organisms where the self-assessed expertise level was highest. Conclusions: Foodborne proportion estimates were more "polarized" than for a similar elicitation in 2005. That is, where food was the primary transmission route the estimated proportion on account of food was higher (62.1-90.6% in the current study for self-assessed expertise weighted estimates, compared to 56.2-89.2% in 2005); where food was not the primary transmission route the estimated proportion because of food was lower (27.6-34.0% in the current study compared to 31.5-39.5% in 2005). These estimates represent an essential resource for determining the burden of foodborne disease in New Zealand.
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Yersinia enterocolitica is listed in the annual reports of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as the third-most-common enteropathogen. The highly pathogenic Y. enterocolitica bioserotype 1B/O8 is geographically limited to N...
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Yersinia enterocolitica is listed in the annual reports of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as the third-most-common enteropathogen. The highly pathogenic Y. enterocolitica bioserotype 1B/O8 is geographically limited to Northern America, although it has also emerged in Japan and Europe. Furthermore, the number of reports on the pathogenicity of serotype 1A (so far regarded as nonpathogenic) has been increasing. Humans are most often infected by consuming raw or inadequately thermally processed pork or milk as well as vegetable products and ready-to-eat meals. Identification of these bacteria in food presents considerable methodological problems.
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Detection of Salmonella enterica in foods typically involves microbiological enrichment, molecular-based assay, and subsequent isolation and identification of a pure culture. This is ideally followed by strain typing, which provid...
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Detection of Salmonella enterica in foods typically involves microbiological enrichment, molecular-based assay, and subsequent isolation and identification of a pure culture. This is ideally followed by strain typing, which provides information critical to the investigation of outbreaks and the attribution of their sources. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is the "gold standard" for S. enterica strain typing, but its limitations have encouraged the search for alternative methods, including whole genome sequencing. Both methods typically require a pure culture, which adds to the cost and turnaround time. A more rapid and cost-effective method with sufficient discriminatory power would benefit food industries, regulatory agencies, and public health laboratories. To address this need, a novel enrichment, amplification, and sequence-based typing (EAST) approach was developed involving (ⅰ) overnight enrichment and total DNA preparation, (ⅱ) amplification of polymorphic tandem repeat-containing loci with electrophoretic detection, and (ⅲ) DNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis to identify related strains. EAST requires 3 days or less and provides a strain resolution that exceeds serotyping and is comparable to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Evaluation with spiked ground turkey demonstrated its sensitivity (with a starting inoculum of < 1 CFU/g) and specificity (with unique or nearly unique alleles relative to databases of > 1,000 strains). In tests with unspiked retail chicken parts, 3 of 11 samples yielded S. enterica-specific PCR products. Sequence analysis of three distinct typing targets (SeMTl, SeCRISPRl, and SeCRISPR2) revealed consistent similarities to specific serotype Schwarzengrund, Montevideo, and Typhimurium strains. EAST provides a time-saving and cost-effective approach for detecting and typing foodborne S. enterica, and postenrichment steps can be commercially outsourced to facilitate its implementation. Initial studies with Listeria monocytogenes and Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli suggest that EAST can be extended to these foodborne pathogens.
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