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Fires in which soft furnishings (upholstered furniture and beds) were either the first item ignited or were identified as the major item in the fire's growth are the deadliest of residential fires. This Special Issue of Fire and M...
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Fires in which soft furnishings (upholstered furniture and beds) were either the first item ignited or were identified as the major item in the fire's growth are the deadliest of residential fires. This Special Issue of Fire and Materials on Furniture Flammability grew from a small session on this subject in Interflam 2019. The issue contains 14 papers that describe the fire problems of soft furnishings, research to better understand their burning behavior, and recent success in and promising approaches to reducing the losses from these fires. This introduction concludes with the author's challenges to the fire safety community for reducing the number and consequences of soft furnishings fires.
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The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Next Generation Fire Suppression Program (NGP) was born of necessity. Atmospheric science had made it clear that fully halogenated compounds containing chlorine or bromine posed a threat to the...
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The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Next Generation Fire Suppression Program (NGP) was born of necessity. Atmospheric science had made it clear that fully halogenated compounds containing chlorine or bromine posed a threat to the earth's ozone layer. An extensive, multi-year search by the DoD found that the best commercially available alternative to halon 1301, CF_3Br, for fire suppression in aircraft carried significant weight and storage volume penalties. In 1997, the NGP began, with an objective that evolved to "develop and demonstrate technology for economically feasible, environmentally acceptable and user-safe processes, techniques, and fluids that meet the operational requirements currently satisfied by halon 1301 systems in aircraft." Ten years later, the NGP has revitalized the science of fire suppression. There have been advances in delivery of a flame extinguishing chemical to a fire, knowledge of chemical interactions with flames (and limitations to the effectiveness of such chemicals), screening of a large number of chemicals as potential fire suppressants, identification of the properties of fluids that make for effective and safe fire suppression, identification of effective fire suppressant chemicals, engineering of non-fluid suppression systems for improved effectiveness and efficiency, and evaluation of the true cost of a new fire suppression system. The final report of the NGP will be available in book form and on CD this autumn. See the NGP web site for ordering information.
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A bstract On 1 April 1963, the Department of Forest Fire Protection was established at the Forest Research Institute, which resulted from the need to develop scientific and organisational bases for building a forest fire protectio...
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A bstract On 1 April 1963, the Department of Forest Fire Protection was established at the Forest Research Institute, which resulted from the need to develop scientific and organisational bases for building a forest fire protection system that would effectively minimise the growing fire hazard of Polish forests. The Department began its activities by developing a programme that took into account both the immediate but urgent needs of the forestry and the anticipated directions of research. Over the course of 60 years, more than 350 research reports were produced. Among the achievements that have influenced the currently functioning forest fire protection system in Poland there are: the method of forest fire risk assessment, forest fire risk prediction, the creation of fire risk monitoring based on a network of forest meteorological measuring points, the development of forest fuel models, the extensive use of aircraft to detect and extinguish forest fires, the conduct of the first studies on the possibility of using television cameras to detect forest fires, the operation of the National Forest Fire Information System, the purpose of which is to collect data on forest fires and natural non-forest areas, the development of an application for forest fire models and the conduct of the first workshop on controlled heath burn in the country. Among the many projects completed, there were also those dealing with the evaluation and suitability of equipment and chemicals for extinguishing forest fires.
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Fire smoke toxicity has been a recurring theme for fire safety professionals for over four decades. There especially continue to be difficulty and controversy in assessing and addressing the contribution of the sublethal effects o...
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Fire smoke toxicity has been a recurring theme for fire safety professionals for over four decades. There especially continue to be difficulty and controversy in assessing and addressing the contribution of the sublethal effects of smoke in hazard and risk analyses. The Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and NFPA have begun a private/public fire research initiative, the "International Study of the Sublethal Effects of Fire Smoke on Survival and Health" (SEFS) to provide scientific information on these effects for public policy makers. The papers in this issue of Fire Technology present results from the first phase of the project: estimates of the magnitude and impact of sublethal exposures to fire smoke on the U.S. population, the best available lethal and incapacitating toxic potency values for the smoke from commercial products, the potential for various sizes of fires to produce smoke yields that could result in sublethal health effects, and state-of-the-art information on the production of the condensed components of smoke from fires and their evolutionary changes during transport from the fire.
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Estimation of the time available for escape (ASET) in the event of a fire is a principal component in fire hazard or risk assessment. Valid data on the yields of toxic smoke components from bench-scale apparatus is essential to ac...
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Estimation of the time available for escape (ASET) in the event of a fire is a principal component in fire hazard or risk assessment. Valid data on the yields of toxic smoke components from bench-scale apparatus is essential to accurate ASET calculations. This paper presents a methodology for obtaining pre-flashover and post-flashover toxicant yields from room-scale fire tests. The data are to be used for comparison with bench-scale data for the same combustibles: a sofa, bookcases, and electric power cable. Each was burned in a room with a long adjacent corridor. The yields of CO_2, CO, HC1, HCN, and soot were determined. Other toxicants (NO_2, formaldehyde, and acrolein), whose concentrations were below the detection limits, were of limited importance relative to the detected toxicants. The uncertainty values were comparable to those estimated for calculations used to determine ASET and were sufficiently small to determine whether a bench-scale apparatus is producing results that are similar to the real-scale results here. The use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was useful for obtaining toxicant concentration data; however, its operation and interpretation are not routine. The losses of CO, HCN, and HC1 along the corridor were dependent on the combustible.
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Abstract This paper critically reviews the understanding of fire hazards in bridges. It starts with identifying dangerous fire scenarios based on previous accidents. Existing studies on the fire performance of bridges are then dis...
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Abstract This paper critically reviews the understanding of fire hazards in bridges. It starts with identifying dangerous fire scenarios based on previous accidents. Existing studies on the fire performance of bridges are then discussed according to different experimental and fire modeling approaches, with a specific emphasis on the structural configuration of bridges and adopted failure criteria. Next, fire resilience enhancement methods for bridges are analyzed and classified as risk-based mitigation approaches, postfire decision strategies, and fire prevention and protection measures. Finally, this paper highlights recent progress and proposes critical knowledge gaps and future research directions based on these findings.
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Purpose of Review This review is on global wildland fire management research needs from the standpoint of "integrated fire management". It seeks to apply a characterisation of fires to frame research needs, and also recognise some...
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Purpose of Review This review is on global wildland fire management research needs from the standpoint of "integrated fire management". It seeks to apply a characterisation of fires to frame research needs, and also recognise some differences in research needs between "normal wildfires" and "extreme wildfire events" and draw some distinctions between the needs for developing and developed countries. Recent Findings In the past, the dominant approach to fires in developed countries has been to suppress them including prohibition of fire use. In developing countries, the approach has tended to be similar. However, fires are a landscape problem in both developed and developing contexts, not resulting from insufficient or inadequate means of suppression, but from fuel continuity and accumulation. The impacts of fires are becoming higher profile, due to sizes and intensity in part but also from land use and demographic changes and their interactions, which see more people, more assets and ecological and economic values affected and publicised. Not fully appreciating the ecological role, impact, social, cultural and economic context in which fires are occurring, and the contributing factors and underlying causes of the fire problem, has seen planning, policy, development and other influences, alter landscapes and made populations increasingly vulnerable. Key to successfully integrating ecology, society and fire management technologies is effective analysis of the situation. This requires strengthened focus, including through use of social science and related disciplines. Damaging fires suggest that suppression alone is not sufficient to deal with wildfire, with the damage and loss that results in some cases being catastrophic. The implications of the limits of suppression need to be a component for planning risk reduction, readiness, response and of research. Similarly, comprehensive analyses and figures for damage and losses, including suppression costs, would have implications for wildland fire planning and investment. Existing research findings need to be applied and further research undertaken as necessary. Summary Application to wildland fire management globally of existing research, and further research as needed, is required to analyse, select appropriate strategies, and apply management, monitor implementation and enable continuous improvement to reduce vulnerability and underpin resilience. This approach is termed "integrated fire management" and is particularly valuable for developing countries. For them, there may be the potential to reduce or avoid the wildfire damage and loss trends experienced in developed countries, through development and application of what has already been researched and operationalised in other contexts.
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Airtankers, while actively engaging in initial attack, are sometimes reassigned and flown directly to another randomly occurring initial attack fire. Airtanker system planning that means to incorporate this fire-to-fire transfer a...
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Airtankers, while actively engaging in initial attack, are sometimes reassigned and flown directly to another randomly occurring initial attack fire. Airtanker system planning that means to incorporate this fire-to-fire transfer activity needs information about the flight distance between these randomly located fires. Moments of the distance distribution, derived in this article, can be used to characterize and evaluate fire-to-fire airtanker dispatch within and between protection areas. A hypothetical example illustrates how a proposed change in an airtanker protection zone can affect not only airbase-to-fire flight distance but also fire-to-fire flight distance. In this example, the expected airbase-to-fire distance and the expected total transfer-flight distance are both significantly reduced, but at the same time, somewhat unexpectedly, the average fire-to-fire flight distance actually increases. The discovery and quantification of such unanticipated results can potentially influence airtanker system design. These key system design parameters can now be obtained through the exceedingly fast and accurate analytical methods presented here.
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The Institute of Fire Safety Engineering Research and Technology Centre (FireSERT) at the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland has been a major provider of higher technical fire safety education, fire related research and serv...
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The Institute of Fire Safety Engineering Research and Technology Centre (FireSERT) at the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland has been a major provider of higher technical fire safety education, fire related research and services to industry for over 20 years. Its internationally recognised research spans the fields of fire dynamics, structural fire engineering, human behaviour in fire and more recently fire (CFD) modelling. Since 1991, it has offered the only PG Dip/MSc Fire Safety Engineering programme in the United Kingdom. In September 2000 FireSERT was the recipient of a ￡5.7 m Joint Infrastructure Fund (JIF) Award to build new fire safety engineering laboratories on the University's Jordanstown campus. These new facilities unparallel in the University sector in the UK offer greater scope and depth to the FireSERT's research portfolios. The new facilities will be extensively used in support of FireSERT's suite of MSc Fire Safety Engineering and DPhil programmes. This paper presents a brief history of FireSERT and its achievements, together with an update on the new facility, current research themes, taught programmes, research opportunities and visions for the future.
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This study is intended to provide legislative direction for fire products life expectancy. Domestic and international laws relating to fire products life expectancy have been reviewed, and the Results: of a Fire Safety Manager Con...
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This study is intended to provide legislative direction for fire products life expectancy. Domestic and international laws relating to fire products life expectancy have been reviewed, and the Results: of a Fire Safety Manager Consciousness (FSMC) survey were analyzed. The FSMC survey has been designed in order to assist with the establishment of appropriate fire safety policy. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 660 fire safety administrators from 17 municipal and provincial districts, with the intention of gaining expertise on the extension of life-span for 32 fire products. The survey also asked for candidates opinions on future policy direction. Based on the survey Results: and the review of policies within other nations, we have devised a set of policy issues with the intention of extending the life-span of fire-safety items. The survey result revealed that 79.3% of Fire Safety Managers (FSMs) concurred with the establishment of legislation regarding the maintenance and correct care of fire-safety products. Overall, over 30% of FSMs were in favor of regulations regarding Ddry chemical fire extinguishers (77.3%), fire detectors (44.6%), fire hoses (44.4%), gaseous agent fire extinguisher (40.6%), automatic descending life lines (36.2%), exit lights (35.9%), air respirators (35.9%), extinguishing systems for residential cooking facilities (33.9%), automatic spray-type extinguishing units (33.9%), emergency lights (31.2%), and gas leakage detectors (30.7%). Especially, among these, dry chemical fire extinguishers (60.0%), detectors (20.0%), and fire hose (18.8%) were identified as the fire products primarily in need of maintenance legislation. The general consensus is that fire products older than 10 years need to be replaced. Based on the survey Results:, there was general agreement that fire product life expectancy is in need of legislation. This study recommends the introduction of fire product life expectancy legislation in phases.
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