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Feigning suicidality is common among patients in correctional settings, but there has been little discussion on the differences between genuine and feigned presentations of suicidality. Differentiating suicidality from feigned sui...
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Feigning suicidality is common among patients in correctional settings, but there has been little discussion on the differences between genuine and feigned presentations of suicidality. Differentiating suicidality from feigned suicidality is among the riskiest diagnostic challenges. Still, some headway can be made if we compare features of genuine suicidality with those of feigned presentations. To this end, I first describe a typical profile of suicidality. Next, I contrast it with the features that correctional patients who feign suicidality display in California's prison health care system. I also outline the dangers involved in identifying feigned suicidality, and I offer some ways in which to understand feigned suicidality in corrections.
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The accurate assessment of feigning is an important component of forensic assessment. Two potential strategies of feigning include the fabrication/exaggeration of psychiatric impairments and the fabrication/exaggeration of cogniti...
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The accurate assessment of feigning is an important component of forensic assessment. Two potential strategies of feigning include the fabrication/exaggeration of psychiatric impairments and the fabrication/exaggeration of cognitive deficits. The current study examined the relationship between psychiatric and cognitive feigning strategies using the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms and Test of Memory Malingering among 150 forensic psychiatric inpatients adjudicated incompetent to stand trial. A greater number of participants scored within the feigning range on the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms than on the Test of Memory Malingering. Relative risk ratios indicated that individuals shown to be feigning cognitive deficits were 1.68 times more likely to feign psychiatric symptoms than those not shown to be feigning cognitive deficits. Likewise, individuals shown to be feigning psychiatric deficits were 1.86 times more likely to feign cognitive deficits than those not shown to be feigning psychiatric symptoms. Overall, findings suggest that psychiatric feigning and cognitive feigning are related, but can be employed separately as feigning strategies. Therefore, clinicians should consider evaluating for both feigning strategies in forensic assessments where cognitive and psychiatric symptoms are being assessed.
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Because some defendants undergoing evaluation of their competence to stand trial may feign limitations in their ability to understand and participate in the legal process, assessment of their response style is critical. Preliminar...
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Because some defendants undergoing evaluation of their competence to stand trial may feign limitations in their ability to understand and participate in the legal process, assessment of their response style is critical. Preliminary research indicates that the Inventory of Legal Knowledge (ILK) has some potential to identify persons feigning competence related impairments. This study examined the convergent validity of the ILK using a sample of criminal defendants who, while undergoing competency evaluations, were administered the ILK and other response style measures. Moderate correlations between the ILK and these other tools provided some support for the ILK as a measure of response style.
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Psychological assessments are highly dependent on the forthrightness and sincere efforts of examinees. In particular, evaluations in forensic settings must consider whether feigning or other response styles are utilized to intenti...
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Psychological assessments are highly dependent on the forthrightness and sincere efforts of examinees. In particular, evaluations in forensic settings must consider whether feigning or other response styles are utilized to intentionally distort the clinical presentation. The current study examines the effectiveness of the Inventory of Legal Knowledge (ILK) at detecting feigned incompetency within a sample of jail detainees. As an ancillary goal, several scales of the Standardized Assessment of Miranda Abilities were included in the same within-subjects simulation design. Results of the total ILK score raised concerns regarding the mischaracterization of genuine offenders as "suggestive of feigning." Pending cross-validation, however, a Revised ILK proved highly effective, using a floor effect detection strategy. Although intended for Miranda-specific abilities, several detection strategies on the Standardized Assessment of Miranda Abilities appeared to be very promising within a broadened context of feigned incompetency.
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The cross-cultural validity of feigning instruments and cut-scores is a critical concern for forensic mental health clinicians. This systematic review evaluated feigning classification accuracy and effect sizes across instruments ...
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The cross-cultural validity of feigning instruments and cut-scores is a critical concern for forensic mental health clinicians. This systematic review evaluated feigning classification accuracy and effect sizes across instruments and languages by summarizing 45 published peer-reviewed articles and unpublished doctoral dissertations conducted in Europe, Asia, and North America using linguistically, ethnically, and culturally diverse samples. The most common psychiatric symptom measures used with linguistically, ethnically, and culturally diverse samples included the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology, the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ( MMPI). The most frequently studied cognitive effort measures included the Word Recognition Test, the Test of Memory Malingering, and the Rey 15-item Memory test. The classification accuracy of these measures is compared and the implications of this research literature are discussed.
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The Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS; Rogers et al., Structured interview of reported symptoms (SIRS) and professional manual, 1992) is a well-validated psychological measure for the assessment of feigned mental dis...
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The Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS; Rogers et al., Structured interview of reported symptoms (SIRS) and professional manual, 1992) is a well-validated psychological measure for the assessment of feigned mental disorders (FMD) in clinical, forensic, and correctional settings. Comparatively little work has evaluated its usefulness in compensation and disability contexts. The present study examined SIRS data from 569 individuals undergoing forensic neuropsychiatric examinations for the purposes of workers' compensation, personal injury, or disability proceedings. Using bootstrapping comparisons, three primary groups were identified: FMD, feigned cognitive impairment (FCI), genuine-both (GEN-Both) that encompasses both genuine disorders (GEN-D) and genuine-cognitive presentation (GEN-C). Consistent with the SIRS main objective, very large effect sizes (M Cohen's d = 1.94) were observed between FMD and GEN-Both groups. Although not intended for this purpose, moderate to large effect sizes (M d = 1.13) were found between FCI and GEN-Both groups. An important consideration is whether SIRS results are unduly affected by common diagnoses or clinical conditions. Systematic comparisons were performed based on common disorders (major depressive disorder, PTSD, and other anxiety disorders), presence of a cognitive disorder (dementia, amnestic disorder, or cognitive disorder NOS), or intellectual deficits (FSIQ < 80). Generally, the magnitude of differences on the SIRS primary scales was small and nonsignificant, providing evidence of the SIRS generalizability across these diagnostic categories. Finally, the usefulness of the SIRS improbable failure-revised (IF-R) scale was tested as a FCI screen. Although it has potential in ruling out genuine cases, the IF-R should not be used as a feigning screen.
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Psychological assessment underwent substantive challenges and changes when the COVID-19 pandemic began, and these changes are likely to endure given the rapid growth of telehealth clinical practice and assessment research using vi...
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Psychological assessment underwent substantive challenges and changes when the COVID-19 pandemic began, and these changes are likely to endure given the rapid growth of telehealth clinical practice and assessment research using virtual procedures. COVID-19-related changes to assessment practices have impacted accordingly how we study overreporting scale functioning, including the modality through which we administer measures. No available research provides direct comparisons of overreporting scale effectiveness within simulation research across in-person and telehealth modalities, despite early support for novel instruments relying on remote procedures within the historic context of the pandemic. We used simulated feigning conditions collected using best telehealth practices to examine if, and how, overreporting scales differed in effectiveness by evaluating mean scores, elevation rates, and classification accuracy statistics, relative to parallel in-person conditions. Results indicate no meaningful differences in scale effectiveness, particularly when exclusion procedures included a posttest questionnaire. Our findings support telehealth assessment practice and the integration of research collected virtually into the traditional, in-person feigning literature. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Death-feigning or thanatosis is a defensive behaviour in which an animal adopts a posture resembling a dead individual when it is physically threatened by a potential predator (Hamphreys & Ruxton, 2018). This can be an effective mechanism against predators that will not feed on dead animals or need to detect prey by its movement (Toledo et al., 2011). The evolution of anti-predatory behaviours is an important component of the natural history of lizards (Downes & Hoefer, 2004), although until now thanatosis had only been reported for Amazonian lizard in the families Gymnophthalmidae and Tropiduridae. In this study we report the death-feigning behaviour displayed by eight lizards species from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest (Table 1) and add new records for the families Dactyloidae, Alopoglossidae, Gymnophthalmidae and Sphaerodactylidae....
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Death-feigning or thanatosis is a defensive behaviour in which an animal adopts a posture resembling a dead individual when it is physically threatened by a potential predator (Hamphreys & Ruxton, 2018). This can be an effective mechanism against predators that will not feed on dead animals or need to detect prey by its movement (Toledo et al., 2011). The evolution of anti-predatory behaviours is an important component of the natural history of lizards (Downes & Hoefer, 2004), although until now thanatosis had only been reported for Amazonian lizard in the families Gymnophthalmidae and Tropiduridae. In this study we report the death-feigning behaviour displayed by eight lizards species from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest (Table 1) and add new records for the families Dactyloidae, Alopoglossidae, Gymnophthalmidae and Sphaerodactylidae.
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Death feigning or thanatosis is a state of tonic immobility, exhibited by certain species of snakes as a response to external stimuli, including predation attempts (e.g. Bhattarai et al.,2017). Currently, this behaviour is reporte...
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Death feigning or thanatosis is a state of tonic immobility, exhibited by certain species of snakes as a response to external stimuli, including predation attempts (e.g. Bhattarai et al.,2017). Currently, this behaviour is reported from Xenochrophis piscator, Coelognathus radiates, Lycodon aulicus and Pseudoxenodon macrops (Vogel & Kam Han, 2010; Mirza et al., 2011; Bhosale & Thite, 2013) among snakes from the Indian subcontinent. On 25 March 2015, the first author (SKM) rescued an adult male specimen (Snout to vent length -296 mm, tail length -76 mm) of L. flavicollis (Fig. 1) from a house in the vicinity of Bannerghatta Biological Park （12.812°N， 77.578°E； WGS 84,929 m elev) around 22.00h IST (Indian standard time). The individual was identified based on the ‘type’ description by Mukherjee & Bhupathy, 2007. On handling, the individual exhibited no aggressive behaviour and was bagged quickly. Fifteen minutes later, the snake was placed on the ground for documentation and photography, during which it made several attempts to escape. After approximately five minutes the snake stopped moving and started rolling upside down revealing its ventral scales, remaining in this position for approximately five to ten minutes (Fig. 2). SKM located and palpated the heart, revealing an active pulse. On manually inverting the snake to stimulate, the individual moved haphazardly, possibly in a vague attempt to escape. The snake was bagged again and kept under observation at Bannerghatta Zoo Hospital. The snake was released the next day near to the capture location, uneventfully.
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The blunt-headed slug snake, Aplopeltura boa is a member of the Pareatidae (Pyron et al., 2011), which is a group of arboreal, nocturnal and mollusc-eating snakes widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast...
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The blunt-headed slug snake, Aplopeltura boa is a member of the Pareatidae (Pyron et al., 2011), which is a group of arboreal, nocturnal and mollusc-eating snakes widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Southeastern Asia (e.g. Das, 2012; You et al., 2015). This species inhabits lowland and sub-montane forest up to 1500 m a.s.l. and is often found in understory bushes and undergrowth. Data about the life history of the species are limited: this paper describes death feigning behaviour have not previously been reported.
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