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Child care subsidy programs serve to reduce the number of families for whom child care is a barrier to work. Child care is essential to economic self-sufficiency, and it can also support child development, particularly for low-inc...
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Child care subsidy programs serve to reduce the number of families for whom child care is a barrier to work. Child care is essential to economic self-sufficiency, and it can also support child development, particularly for low-income children. However, most research has an urban focus so little is known about rural settings where formal programs are limited and of lower quality. In this paper we examine the subsidy use of rural families, the care arrangements they make, and the quality of care received. We utilized data collected between 2004 and 2007 from the Family Life Project, a representative, longitudinal study of non-metro families in low-wealth counties (n = 1,292), oversampled for low-income and African-American families. Families who used subsidies were more likely to select center-based care, typically of higher quality. Further, these families were also more likely to receive higher quality care, regardless of the type chosen, even after accounting for a host of family and community factors. Findings suggest that subsidy programs have successfully moved low-income children into higher quality care beneficial for development. These findings point to the need to maintain subsidy programs and encourage eligible families to take advantage of such resources.
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The strong correlation between child care and maternal employment rates has led previous research to conclude that affordable and readily available child care is a driving force both of cross-country differences in maternal employ...
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The strong correlation between child care and maternal employment rates has led previous research to conclude that affordable and readily available child care is a driving force both of cross-country differences in maternal employment and of its rapid growth over the last decades. We analyze a staged expansion of subsidized child care in Norway. Our precise and robust difference-in-differences estimates reveal that there is little, if any. causal effect of subsidized child care on maternal employment, despite a strong correlation. Instead of increasing mothers' labor supply, the new subsidized child care mostly crowds out informal child care arrangements, suggesting a significant net cost of the child care subsidies.
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This study examined the relationship between receipt of child care subsidies and child maltreatment investigations in a sample of low-income mothers in Illinois. We expected that receiving child care subsidies would have a protect...
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This study examined the relationship between receipt of child care subsidies and child maltreatment investigations in a sample of low-income mothers in Illinois. We expected that receiving child care subsidies would have a protective effect on child maltreatment risk and therefore decrease the likelihood of child protective services investigations. Using structural equation modelling, we tested the direct and indirect paths of the receipt of child care subsidies to physical abuse or neglect. We found only direct effects of receiving child care subsidies on both physical abuse and neglect investigations. The findings suggest an important protective role of child care subsidies in the lives of low-income families.
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Abstract This study examined the relationship between receipt of child care subsidies and child maltreatment investigations in a sample of low‐income mothers in Illinois. We expected that receiving child care subsidies would have...
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Abstract This study examined the relationship between receipt of child care subsidies and child maltreatment investigations in a sample of low‐income mothers in Illinois. We expected that receiving child care subsidies would have a protective effect on child maltreatment risk and therefore decrease the likelihood of child protective services investigations. Using structural equation modelling, we tested the direct and indirect paths of the receipt of child care subsidies to physical abuse or neglect. We found only direct effects of receiving child care subsidies on both physical abuse and neglect investigations. The findings suggest an important protective role of child care subsidies in the lives of low‐income families.
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The federal child care subsidy program, funded through the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), is the nation's largest public investment in early child care. However, little is known about whether and how subsidy payment mecha...
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The federal child care subsidy program, funded through the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), is the nation's largest public investment in early child care. However, little is known about whether and how subsidy payment mechanisms relate to the stability of subsidy receipt or the stability of children's care arrangements. Objective: This study is the first to explore whether subsidized care administered through contracts paid directly to providers is associated with greater stability of subsidy receipt than subsidized care administered through vouchers. Hypotheses predicted that contracts would confer stability in subsidy receipt, especially among families whose children received care in family child care homes. Methods: Data were drawn from administrative files on subsidy recipients in New York City and merged with data from a phone survey of a small subsample. The analytic sample consisted of subsidy recipients who had a history of participating in the TANF cash assistance program (weighted n = 9,087; unweighted n = 311). Results: Results indicate that subsidy payment mechanism was not associated with the number of interruptions in subsidy receipt. This finding held true of children in both family- and center-based care arrangements. Conclusions: This preliminary study finds no evidence that contracted care and care purchased with a voucher are differentially associated with subsidy stability. Replication of this test with larger samples and stronger guards against selection into type of payment mechanism is needed.
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摘要 :
The federal child care subsidy program, funded through the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), is the nation's largest public investment in early child care. However, little is known about whether and how subsidy payment mecha...
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The federal child care subsidy program, funded through the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), is the nation's largest public investment in early child care. However, little is known about whether and how subsidy payment mechanisms relate to the stability of subsidy receipt or the stability of children's care arrangements. Objective: This study is the first to explore whether subsidized care administered through contracts paid directly to providers is associated with greater stability of subsidy receipt than subsidized care administered through vouchers. Hypotheses predicted that contracts would confer stability in subsidy receipt, especially among families whose children received care in family child care homes. Methods: Data were drawn from administrative files on subsidy recipients in New York City and merged with data from a phone survey of a small subsample. The analytic sample consisted of subsidy recipients who had a history of participating in the TANF cash assistance program (weighted n = 9,087; unweighted n = 311). Results: Results indicate that subsidy payment mechanism was not associated with the number of interruptions in subsidy receipt. This finding held true of children in both family- and center-based care arrangements. Conclusions: This preliminary study finds no evidence that contracted care and care purchased with a voucher are differentially associated with subsidy stability. Replication of this test with larger samples and stronger guards against selection into type of payment mechanism is needed.
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Evidence regarding the degree to which childcare subsidies support low-income, employed parents'financial resources is lacking. This study used two samplesto evaluate the impact of child care subsidies on parents'child care paymen...
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Evidence regarding the degree to which childcare subsidies support low-income, employed parents'financial resources is lacking. This study used two samplesto evaluate the impact of child care subsidies on parents'child care payments and the percentage of householdincome spent on child care. Cross-sectional and longitu-dinal multivariate models were supplemented withdescriptive information on parents' perceptions of theimpacts of child care costs and child care subsidies onfamily finances. Child care subsidies were found to reducechild care costs by a small but statistically significantamount. Approximately half of parents who received asubsidy reported that it positively affected their financialwell-being, allowing them to afford non-child care ser-vices, save money, and pay bills or debts.
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The literature estimates for labor force participation elasticity with regard to child care prices are extensive and varying. While some estimates imply substantial gains from child care subsidies, others find insignificant effect...
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The literature estimates for labor force participation elasticity with regard to child care prices are extensive and varying. While some estimates imply substantial gains from child care subsidies, others find insignificant effects. To determine the causes of the variance, this paper reviews and analyzes the elasticity sizes using estimates from 36 peer-reviewed articles and working papers in the literature. We start by reviewing the theoretical and empirical aspects related to participation elasticity with regard to child care costs, paying special attention to sample characteristics, methodological aspects, and macro level factors. We conclude by providing a meta-regression using control variables based on our review of the literature to explain some of the differences between the estimates. As research builds on and improves the methods and assumptions in priorworks, elasticity estimates have become smaller over time. This declinemight also be partially explained by changes in labor market characteristics. In countries with high rates of part-time work and very high or very low rates of female labor force participation, we find elasticity rates to be smaller.
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We study the design of child-care policies when redistribution matters. Traditional mothers provide some informal child care, whereas career mothers purchase full time formal care. The sorting of women across career paths is endog...
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We study the design of child-care policies when redistribution matters. Traditional mothers provide some informal child care, whereas career mothers purchase full time formal care. The sorting of women across career paths is endogenous and shaped by a social norm about gender roles in the family. Via this social norm traditional mothers' informal child care imposes an externality on career mothers, so that the market outcome is inefficient. Informal care is too large and the group of career mothers is too small so that inefficiency and gender inequality go hand in hand.In a first-best world redistribution across couples and efficiency are separable. Redistribution is performed via lump-sum transfers and taxes which are designed to equalize utilities across all couples. The efficient allocation of child care is obtained by subsidizing formal care at a Pigouvian rate.However, in a second-best setting, a trade-off between efficiency and redistribution emerges. The optimal uniform subsidy is lower than the "Pigouvian" level. Conversely, under a nonlinear policy the first-best "Pigouvian" rule for the (marginal) subsidy on informal care is reestablished. While the share of high career mothers continues to be distorted downward for incentive reasons, this policy is effective in reconciling the objectives of reducing the child care related inefficiency and achieving a more equal income distribution across couples. Our results continue to hold when the norm is defined within the mothers' social group, rather than being based on the entire population. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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This paper presents a structural model of the labor supply and child care choices of partnered mothers with pre-school aged children. The father's time-use decisions are taken as given. The main goal is to analyze the sensitivity ...
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This paper presents a structural model of the labor supply and child care choices of partnered mothers with pre-school aged children. The father's time-use decisions are taken as given. The main goal is to analyze the sensitivity of maternal time use to the price of child care, taxes, benefits and child care subsidies. To account for non-convexities in the budget sets, we specify a discrete choice model. We estimate the model on data on couples with young children from the HILDA survey representative of the Australian population, which contains detailed information on time use and bought-in child care. Simulations based on the estimated parameters show that the time decisions of mothers with pre-school children are highly sensitive to changes in wages and the cost of child care. Our results also suggest that lowering effective tax rates faced by partnered mothers as second earners, by switching from family payments that are targeted on joint incomes to payments that are universal and funded by a more progressive individual-based income tax, would lead to a substantial increase in their labor force participation and hours of work.
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