摘要 :
Records from Taipei City Fire Department show that age and gender of the victims, housing type, the location of the fire, source of ignition, hour range and residential fire deaths are all related to how and why residential fires ...
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Records from Taipei City Fire Department show that age and gender of the victims, housing type, the location of the fire, source of ignition, hour range and residential fire deaths are all related to how and why residential fires occurred in Taipei City. With aids of the prevention strategy on residential fire which includes safety precaution, arson prevention and reinforcement of rescue training and the employment of fire rescue decision-making system, we are able to build hierarchy of prevention strategy to reduce the probability of residential fires and injury and deaths.
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The transition of surface fire to live shrub crown fuels was studied through a simplified laboratory experiment using an open-topped wind tunnel. Respective surface and crown fuels used were excelsior (shredded Populus tremuloides...
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The transition of surface fire to live shrub crown fuels was studied through a simplified laboratory experiment using an open-topped wind tunnel. Respective surface and crown fuels used were excelsior (shredded Populus tremuloides wood) and live chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum, including branches and foliage). A high crown fuel bulk density of 6.8kgm-3 with a low crown fuel base height of 0.20m was selected to ensure successful crown fire initiation. Diagnostics included flame height and surface fire evolution. Experimental results were compared with similar experiments performed in an open environment, in which the side walls of the wind tunnel were removed. The effect of varying wind speed in the range 01.8ms-1, representing a Froude number range of 01.1, on crown fire initiation was investigated. The suppression of lateral entrainment due to wind tunnel walls influenced surface fire behaviour. When wind speed increased from 1.5 to 1.8ms-1, the rate of spread of surface fire and surface fire depth increased from 5.5 to 12.0cms-1 and 0.61 to 1.02m. As a result, the residence time of convective heating significantly increased from 16.0 to 24.0s and the hot gas temperature at the crown base increased from 994 to 1141K. The change in surface fire characteristics significantly affected the convective energy transfer process. Thus, the net energy transfer to the crown fuel increased so the propensity for crown fire initiation increased. In contrast, increasing wind speed decreased the tendency for crown fuel initiation in an open environment because of the cooling effect from fresh air entrainment via the lateral sides of surface fire.
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The paper presents the main aspects of the fire safety measures taken in the Bucharest Metro Network and construction structures and installations performed underground. The following will be presented at first: the field of appli...
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The paper presents the main aspects of the fire safety measures taken in the Bucharest Metro Network and construction structures and installations performed underground. The following will be presented at first: the field of application of the norms of the underground, terminology and classification criteria for performance. Some general conditions of underground operation through the safety tasks such as fire safety are also presented. However, the fire risk will be dealt as a separate section in the paper, including some considerations for fire structural strength, stability and time-depending item during operation.
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This paper mainly discusses the features of China's architecture at historic sites with regard to fire protection, the causes of fire since 1949, reviewing their weaknesses in fire protection, and exploring modern technologies for...
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This paper mainly discusses the features of China's architecture at historic sites with regard to fire protection, the causes of fire since 1949, reviewing their weaknesses in fire protection, and exploring modern technologies for fire prevention that are applicable to ancient buildings. We put forward suggestions to improve fire prevention and management: eliminating potential problems of fire, improving fire protection and establishing a better fire security system, which is especially important to protect ancient buildings.
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This article presents a literature review of the socioeconomic modeling of fire incidence, with an emphasis on urban residential fires. The development and history of socioeco- nomic models of fire incidence are reviewed from the ...
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This article presents a literature review of the socioeconomic modeling of fire incidence, with an emphasis on urban residential fires. The development and history of socioeco- nomic models of fire incidence are reviewed from the perspectives of ecology and loca- tion economics within the urban planning discipline, which encompasses sociological, economic, epidemiological, and interdisciplinary approaches. The predominant method- logy used is a thematic type of qualitative analysis, and detailed information on variables selected and results are offered where appropriate. The article closes with suggestions for further research.
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The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH/PRL) conducted a series of large-scale experiments to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various concentrations of an inert gas mixture (CO_2, 8%; N_2, 50%; Ar...
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The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH/PRL) conducted a series of large-scale experiments to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various concentrations of an inert gas mixture (CO_2, 8%; N_2, 50%; Ar, 42%) for preventing and suppressing cab fires. Comparison of concentrations effectiveness in yielding safe times has led to the choice of an optimum gas mixture concentration, discharged in the cab through a muffled nozzle system, for the development of a dual cab fire inerting system. Of note is that safety training programs, including the synchronization of performed tasks, need to accompany this technology to enhance operator's efficiency and safety during fire emergencies within the safe times yielded by the cab fire inerting system. Cab fires are caused by the ignition of flammable vapors and mists (ball of fire) that penetrate the cab during prolonged hydraulic fluid and fuel fires, and electrical malfunctions involving other cab combustible materials. Often, these fires force the operator to exit the cab under hazardous conditions during a time needed to perform emergency tasks. Hence, it is important to provide the operator, not only with an engine fire suppression system (dry chemical powder), but also with a cab fire protection system, effective both in preventing the ignition of flammable vapors in the cab, and suppressing cab material fires.
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The Southern Alps, in particular the Canton Tessin, is the region of Switzerland that is most affected by the phenomenon of forest fires. Therefore, the cantonal authorities are continually confronted with problems of prevention, ...
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The Southern Alps, in particular the Canton Tessin, is the region of Switzerland that is most affected by the phenomenon of forest fires. Therefore, the cantonal authorities are continually confronted with problems of prevention, fire fighting and mitigation of the effects of forest fires. Forest fire management in this Canton is analyzed in historical terms, verifying in particular the impact of the methods used and the improvement of technology addressing the frequency of events and the extent of burned surfaces. In this way it has been possible to show how a few structural measures (better organization of fire fighting crews and equipment, introduction of aerial fire fighting techniques, electrification followed by construction of shelters along railway lines, etc.) have rather reduced the extent of burned surfaces, while legislative measures such as restrictions of open fires help to reduce the number of forest fires.
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The work of the fire service has changed during the last decades from being essentially operational to include a larger variety of activities to increase fire safety in society. Also, the theoretical understanding of fire developm...
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The work of the fire service has changed during the last decades from being essentially operational to include a larger variety of activities to increase fire safety in society. Also, the theoretical understanding of fire development, fire dynamics in buildings and fire safety engineering have improved. There are several good examples of areas were fire dynamics theories have supported and improved the fire service activities associated with building fire safety during the last decades. Despite such examples the quality of knowledge transfer between theory and research, and the more practical arena, such as fire service activities is sometimes questionable. This paper includes a systematic literature review and an interview study that is used to discuss how fire dynamics is used to support fire service activities today and where the use of fire dynamics theory could or should be increased in the future. It is found in the paper that fire dynamics theories are currently used more in the preventative and investigative areas than in the operational area of fire service activities. The primary reasons for this is that the timeframe is much shorter in the latter and that there are established procedures and tactics that work well for the common operational situations. However, there is a potential to use fire dynamics theories more in the operational area when it comes to events that occurs less frequent and with a longer duration than for example the normal compartment fire. In general, there is room for improvement of the use of fire dynamics in the fire service and a way forward could be a stronger link between theory and practice in education and training.
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Today many surgical procedures are migrating to nontraditional settings such as radiology departments, cardiac catheterization labs, and electrophysiology labs to be performed. It is reported that annually there are 550 to 650 ope...
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Today many surgical procedures are migrating to nontraditional settings such as radiology departments, cardiac catheterization labs, and electrophysiology labs to be performed. It is reported that annually there are 550 to 650 operating room fires. Knowledge of fire safety and prevention techniques for all staff working in these nontraditional settings is essential. Understanding the components of the fire triangle will facilitate staff to control and prevent fires in all procedural areas.
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