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USA and China are the two largest energy-consuming countries, and energy supply vulnerability is a prior topic on energy policy. Then, we develop energy supply vulnerability assessment index including the sustainability, the stabi...
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USA and China are the two largest energy-consuming countries, and energy supply vulnerability is a prior topic on energy policy. Then, we develop energy supply vulnerability assessment index including the sustainability, the stability, the reliability, and the diversification indicators to assess and compare the change of energy supply vulnerability between China and USA based on the data in 2001-2010. We found that the fluctuations of energy supply vulnerability in China are more than those of USA. In 2001-2006, the index of China's energy supply vulnerability presented a quick uptrend, but it presented a slow downtrend in 2007-2010 due to the uncertainty of some indicators; energy supply vulnerability of USA presented smaller change from 2000 to 2008 because of the stable and comprehensive energy supply system, but in 2009 and 2010, it became obviously less than those in other years due to the decline of energy consumption per capita. Additionally, Chinese energy supply also faces higher maritime transportation and geopolitical vulnerability than that of USA. The comparisons of the change of energy supply vulnerability between China and USA show that it is important to develop comprehensive energy supply system to reduce the uncertainty of main effect indicators, such as the control of energy consumption growth, and the diversification of energy supply and import.
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The Energy Strategy of the Republic of Croatia was adopted by the Croatian Parliament in 2009 for the period until 2020 in order to harmonize national energy goals with goals and time framework of strategic documents of the Europe...
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The Energy Strategy of the Republic of Croatia was adopted by the Croatian Parliament in 2009 for the period until 2020 in order to harmonize national energy goals with goals and time framework of strategic documents of the European Union. The adoption of the Energy Strategy Implementation Program with associated measures is still in process. The goal of the Strategy was to create sustainable energy system that will make a balanced contribution to the security of energy supply, competitiveness and environmental protection in Croatia. In this paper an overview of the energy production, final energy consumption and planned development of energy infrastructure is given. The intention of the paper was to research and stress out the abilities and opportunities of Croatian energy system and to give recommendations for Energy Strategy implementation and practical realization of planned energy infrastructure projects for improvement of security of energy supply and competitiveness of energy system of the Republic of Croatia.
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Ethiopia, one of the countries in the Horn of Africa, has an abundance of hydroelectric resource potential that can meet the country's energy demand. However, this energy resource has been underutilized, and the country has one of...
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Ethiopia, one of the countries in the Horn of Africa, has an abundance of hydroelectric resource potential that can meet the country's energy demand. However, this energy resource has been underutilized, and the country has one of the lowest per capita consumption rates of electricity. Recognizing that energy access and security are critical factors in economic growth, the country has launched a number of hydroelectric projects to meet rising energy demand, as well as a plan to export electricity to neighboring countries. As a result, this paper provides an in-depth review of the country's hydropower potential and current development status. The article then discusses hydro-politics in the context of the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam GERD . Finally, it discusses the role of hydropower in meeting energy needs.
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Every country strives for energy efficiency,but assessing it is not an easy task. Since1971, the OECD's energy supply perunit of GDP has fallen sharply due to changesin manufacturing output, consumerbehaviour, shifts to electricit...
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Every country strives for energy efficiency,but assessing it is not an easy task. Since1971, the OECD's energy supply perunit of GDP has fallen sharply due to changesin manufacturing output, consumerbehaviour, shifts to electricity, technologicalprogress, efficiency drives and so on.
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The lack of modern electricity supply has been a major impediment to proper functioning of the healthcare centers in the rural areas, contributing to high maternal and child mortality rates in a country. Therefore, this study focu...
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The lack of modern electricity supply has been a major impediment to proper functioning of the healthcare centers in the rural areas, contributing to high maternal and child mortality rates in a country. Therefore, this study focuses on how to address the identified problem so that the healthcare centers or clinics in the remote areas can provide timely delivery of medical services for the concerned people. This paper, then, presents the analysis of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems for basic healthcare services in the rural areas, where there is no grid energy supply or the supply from the existing grid is erratic and unreliable. One major factor that informs the selection of the hybrid energy system in this study is that it promises high reliability compared to a single energy system. The research presents a statistical analysis of the potential of wind and solar energies for a selected rural locations in Nigeria based on the available long-term hourly and daily meteorological data. It employs an optimal technical and economic design and sizing of hybrid electrical power systems' components such as the wind, PV, battery and inverter systems, using the hybrid optimisation software (HOMER). Results show that Sokoto and Jos sites exist in the high wind potential regions, while the remaining sites are only suitable for small wind applications. Values obtained for global radiation show that all the sites enjoy considerable solar energy potential suitable for varying degree of solar energy applications. PV/wind/diesel/battery hybrid system configuration is considered optimum for rural health center at Iseyin, Sokoto, Maiduguri, Jos and Enugu, while hybrid systems involving PV/diesel/battery is considered ideal for Port-Harcourt, due to the quality of renewable energy potential. Hence, it was concluded that, the abundance of wind and solar resources in the country create an ideal environment for inclusion of renewable energy systems in the design and implementation of standalone power supply systems to improve rural healthcare delivery.
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Tourism resorts are usually located in beautiful spots, and the building energy system cannot affect the environment or aesthetics of the location. Therefore, the energy supply system of the tourism resort buildings group is diffe...
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Tourism resorts are usually located in beautiful spots, and the building energy system cannot affect the environment or aesthetics of the location. Therefore, the energy supply system of the tourism resort buildings group is different from the conventional system. The locally available renewable energy sources should be considered. The available renewable energy resources in the tourism resort are solar energy, water-source heat pump, ground-source heat pump and air-source heat pump. In this article, a quantification method for energy potential in the supply side is proposed. The energy supply potential of solar power generation, solar heating, air-source heat pumps, water-source heat pumps and ground-source heat pumps are studied. Then a case study is supplied to verity the quantification method. The results indicate that, to make efficient use of regional energy and renewable energy on the supply side, it is necessary to analyze and quantify the regional energy supply potential. In the case study, the air-source heat pump offers the greatest potential for annual heating and cooling. The energy supply potential quantification method not only can be used for regional building energy scheme design, program comparison, and quantitative analysis of the renewable energy supply, it can also provide support for the design of a regional energy system.
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Since the eighteenth century and the industrial revolution, cities have experienced great changes in their metabolism, and particularly in their energy consumption: transitions from one energy source to another, growing per capita...
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Since the eighteenth century and the industrial revolution, cities have experienced great changes in their metabolism, and particularly in their energy consumption: transitions from one energy source to another, growing per capita consumption, and total consumption to cite but a few. These changes also impact urban energy supply areas and supply distance. This paper estimates Paris' s energy demand in both final and primary terms since the eighteenth century and gives an illustration of long-term socio-ecological interactions in an interdisciplinary perspective, connecting energy flow analysis, and historical research. It gives an overview of energy supply areas and assesses the distance between supply sites and the city. Paris's annual total energy requirement (TER) was about 19 GJ per capita at the beginning of the eighteenth century and reached 30 GJ per capita in 1800; the supply area remained nearly the same with an average supply distance (D_(avg)) of 200 km. During the nineteenth century, Paris' s population increased fivefold, and energy transitioned from biomass to fossil fuel. Per capita TER remained stable, whereas Paris's supply area moved progressively toward coal basins, in connection with the tremendous change in transport systems. As a consequence, the D_(avg) grew to 270 km around 1870. During the twentieth century, and especially since the Interwar period, per capita TER increased considerably (to 26 GJ/cap/year in 1910,47 GJ/cap/year in 1946 and 126 GJ/cap/year in 2006). The internationalization of the energy supply and the shift to petroleum and natural gas also increased the remoteness of the supply sites: the D_(avg) equaled 3850 km in 2006.
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It has become the universal fact that the energy is one of the key factors for the smooth and faster upgradation of the socio-economic activities in any country. In Pakistan's history of over 60 years, the country presently is fac...
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It has become the universal fact that the energy is one of the key factors for the smooth and faster upgradation of the socio-economic activities in any country. In Pakistan's history of over 60 years, the country presently is facing possibly the worst energy crisis that has geared back the socio-economic development below the level of critical sustainability and tolerance of the people. Every walk of life and industrial activities have declined due to long electricity shut-down every day since last few years. In view to access the current status of available energy resources, the present research study has been carried out to review and assess the demography of the country versus energy sectors, energy supplies & consumptions, status of fossil-fuel resources (oil, gas & coal), conventional & non-conventional electricity generation, and past, present & future energy demand-supply during 2001-2011. The results of this assessment indicate that conventional resources in Pakistan are and will not be enough to meet the ever growing energy demand and consequently highlight the importance of the renewable energy sources that are apparently encouraging in the country but have not been developed to any satisfaction. Priority is imperative to be given for the adequate development of renewable energy sectors in addition to the present energy mix.
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Today, economic development and development are extremely important. With the increasing need for energy in both the world and Turkish economy, the importance of ensuring the sustainability of the energy resources used and the sec...
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Today, economic development and development are extremely important. With the increasing need for energy in both the world and Turkish economy, the importance of ensuring the sustainability of the energy resources used and the security of energy supply is also increasing. Implementation of a sustainable energy system; It includes important factors such as efficient energy use together with sufficient, economical, safe and environmentally compatible energy supply. Energy is one of the main factors to consider in discussions of sustainable development. The main dimensions of sustainability in energy production are environmental protection and the economically and socially sustainable supply of energy resources in a way that is reliable, sufficient and financially accessible in the long run. For this reason, it is important for Turkey to identify sustainable energy problems and determine the right energy policy. In this study, the determination of sustainable energy problems and the problems of determining the right energy security policy in manufacturing enterprises in Samsun province in Turkey were made with multi-criteria decision making methods. As a result of this research, the most ideal energy security policy was "Resource Sharing" in the selection created by using the degrees of sustainable energy related problems in manufacturing enterprises. On the other hand, the most ideal energy security alternatives were realized as Resource Sharing (A4)＞ Source Distribution (A3)＞Resource Diversification (A1)＞ Price Security (A2), respectively.
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The current energy system is subject to a profound change: A system, designed to cater to energy needs by supplying fossil fuels is now expected to shift to integrate ever larger amounts of renewable energies to achieve overall a ...
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The current energy system is subject to a profound change: A system, designed to cater to energy needs by supplying fossil fuels is now expected to shift to integrate ever larger amounts of renewable energies to achieve overall a more sustainable energy supply. The challenges arising from this paradigm change are currently most obvious in the area of electric power supply. However, it affects the entire energy system, albeit with different effects. Within the energy system, various independent grids fulfill the function to transport and distribute energy or energy carriers in order to address spatially different energy supply and demand situations. Temporal variations are currently addressed by just-in-time production of the required energy form. However, renewable energy sources generally supply their energy independently from any specific energy demand. Their contribution to the overall energy system is expected to increase significantly. Energy storage technologies also represent an option to compensate for a temporal difference in energy supply and demand. Energy storage systems have the ability for a controlled take-up of a certain amount of energy, storing this energy within a storage media on a relevant timescale and a controlled redispatch of the energy after a certain time delay. Energy storage systems can also be constructed as process chains by combinations of unit operations, each covering different aspects of those functions. Large-scale mechanical storage options for electrical power are currently almost exclusively pumped hydro storage. These systems might be complemented in the future by compressed-air storage and maybe liquid-air facilities. There are several electrochemical storage technologies currently under investigation for their suitability as large scale electrical energy storage in various stages of research, development, and demonstration. Thermal energy storage technologies are based on a large variety of storage principles: Sensible heat, latent heat (based on phase transitions), adsorption/desorption processes or on chemical reactions. The latter can be a route to permanent and loss-free storage of heat. Chemical energy storage systems are based on the energy contained within the chemical bonds of the respective storage molecules. These storage molecules can act as energy carriers. Equally well, these compounds can enter various industrial value chains in energy-intensive industrial sectors and are therefore in direct economic competition with established (fossil) supply routes for these compounds. Water electrolysis, producing hydrogen and oxygen, is and will be the key technology for the foreseeable future. Hydrogen can be transformed by various processes to other energy carriers of interest. These transformations make the stored energy accessible by different sectors of the energy system and/or as raw materials for energy-intensive industrial processes. Some functions of energy storage systems can be taken over by industrial processes. Within the overall energy system, chemical energy storage technologies open up opportunities to link, connect and interweave the various energy streams and sectors. While chemical energy storage offers a route for a stronger integration of renewable energy outside the power sector, it also creates new opportunities for increased flexibility, novel synergies and additional optimization. Several examples of specific energy utilization are discussed and evaluated with respect to energy storage applications.
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