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Objective To assess the combined effect of consanguineous and child marriages (CCM) on children health, which has not previously been explored, either globally or locally. Methods We analyzed secondary data from a series of cross-...
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Objective To assess the combined effect of consanguineous and child marriages (CCM) on children health, which has not previously been explored, either globally or locally. Methods We analyzed secondary data from a series of cross-sectional, nationally representative Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys 1990-91, 2006-07, and 2012-13. A total of 5406 mothers with 10,164 children were included in the analysis. Child health was assessed by variables such as history of diarrhea, acute respiratory infection (ARI), ARI with fever, Under-5 child mortality (U5CM) and small-size birth (SSB). Associations among variables were assessed by calculating unadjusted Odd Ratios (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR). Results A majority (n = 6,247, 61%) of the births were to mothers having CCM as compare to non-CCM (3917, 39%). There was a significant association between CCM and U5CM during 1990-91 (AOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.03-1.49) and 2006-07 (AOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.05-1.51), and infant mortality in 1990-91 (AOR 1.39, 95% CI 1.05-1.85) and 2006-07 (AOR 1.61, 95% CI 1.17-2.21). A significant association was also found between CCM and SSB infants in the period 2006-07 (AOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01-1.42) and 2012-13 (AOR 1.22, 95% CI 1.02-1.46). We noted no effect of CCM on diarrhea, ARI, and ARI with fever. Conclusion CCM increases the likelihood of U5CM, infant mortality and SSB infants. Further quantitative and qualitative research should be conducted to assess the effects of environmental, congenital and genetic factors on the health of children born to mothers in CCM.
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Objectives: Child marriage is one of the most important challenges of the current era that threatens women's health and violates human rights. The present study aimed to systematically review studies evaluating the challenges and ...
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Objectives: Child marriage is one of the most important challenges of the current era that threatens women's health and violates human rights. The present study aimed to systematically review studies evaluating the challenges and strategies to overcome child marriage. Content: Medical databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health Source, and Social Science Research Network, as databases for English studies and IranMedex, Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, and Iran Doc as databases for Persian studies) were systematically searched from January 2010 to February 2020. To better identify appropriate studies, reference lists of relevant studies were searched. All potentially relevant abstracts and full-text were screened by two independent reviewers. Disagreements between two reviewers that could not be resolved were resolved via arbitration or consultation of a third author. Summary and Outlook: From 225 articles included in this review, 16 research articles met our inclusion criteria. Most of the articles were dedicated to negative health outcomes related to child marriage. Ten studies addressed the program of overcoming the Child marriage and six studies reported challenges of it. Although, many studies have shown the efficacy of strategies to decline Child marriage. On the basis of the available evidence, it seems there are a number of obstacles to end Child marriage. To delineate the most effective strategy to end Child marriage is required further research.
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The high prevalence of child marriage in many South Asian countries is usually attributed to poverty,
lack of access to education and economic opportunities and gender inequitable cultural norms. Yet in
Bangladesh, despite econo...
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The high prevalence of child marriage in many South Asian countries is usually attributed to poverty,
lack of access to education and economic opportunities and gender inequitable cultural norms. Yet in
Bangladesh, despite economic growth, mass female education and concerted efforts to eliminate child
marriage, its prevalence remains very high. This paper explores community-level perceptions, attitudes
and practices relating to child marriage in a rural setting in Bangladesh with the aim of understanding
the collective discourses of child marriage in the country and identify the factors shaping these. The study
was based on exploratory sequential mixed-method research, with qualitative data collected through group
discussions and interviews with 64 participants and quantitative survey data from 3344 participants from
the Rangpur district of northern Bangladesh in 2014. The findings suggest that, in addition to the already
identified drivers, the notion of a ‘good match’, where the wife is subservient to her husband, is one of the
main motivations for marrying off girls early in this region of Bangladesh. Reducing poverty and educating
girls may not be adequate to address the persistent problem of child marriage in all Bangladeshi contexts
and emphasis needs to be given to transforming the prevailing idea of a ‘good match’ to one of an ‘equal
match’.
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The present study was aimed at determining the factors affecting women's decisions of early marriage. The study sample comprised 651 women who were in the 30 and under age group, and had gotten married during their childhood. The ...
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The present study was aimed at determining the factors affecting women's decisions of early marriage. The study sample comprised 651 women who were in the 30 and under age group, and had gotten married during their childhood. The study data were collected using the questionnaire developed by the researchers through a literature review. In the present study, those who had Romani ethnic origin, who were primary school graduates, who had parents with lower education and/or whom had low income got married at a younger age. Most of the women who had early marriages were unemployed and vulnerable to spousal violence. It was determined that the women who had love marriages at an early age regretted getting married more compared to those who had arranged marriages and the vast majority of the former ones stated that they would have continued their education if they had not gotten married at an early age. Given the causes of early marriages, it is recommended that women in the at-risk group should be educated about the negative aspects of early marriages that women who have gotten married at an early age and seek support should be helped and that child marriages should be discouraged by preparing stricter legal sanctions.
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? 2021 Society for Adolescent Health and MedicinePurpose: The study projects the potential impact of COVID-19 on child marriage in the five countries in which the burden of child marriage is the largest: Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiop...
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? 2021 Society for Adolescent Health and MedicinePurpose: The study projects the potential impact of COVID-19 on child marriage in the five countries in which the burden of child marriage is the largest: Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, and Nigeria. Methods: The projected impact of the pandemic on child marriage is based on a Markov model. A review of empirical and theoretical literature informed construction and parameter estimates of five pathways through which we expect an elevated marriage hazard: death of a parent, interruption of education, pregnancy risk, household income shocks, and reduced access to programs and services. Models are produced for an unmitigated scenario and a mitigated scenario in which effective interventions are applied to reduce the impact. Results: The total number of excess child marriages in these five countries could range from 3.5 million to 4.9 million in the unmitigated scenario and from 1.8 million to 2.7 million in the mitigated scenario. The elevated risk compared with the baseline projection would continue until 2035. Conclusions: These projections represent the impact in five countries that account for 50% of child marriages globally, implying that if similar patterns hold, we might expect the number of excess child marriages due to the pandemic to reach 7 million to 10 million globally. These estimates are necessarily subject to high levels of uncertainty because of limited evidence on the impacts in relation to child marriage and for parameter estimates. It will likely take years to understand the full impact of the pandemic. Despite these limitations, the potential for harm is unquestionably large.
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Globally, more than 12 million girls under the age of 18 are forced to marry every year. Progress on ending child marriage in the Arab region is slowing, and risks being reversed, due to an increase in conflict-affected population...
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Globally, more than 12 million girls under the age of 18 are forced to marry every year. Progress on ending child marriage in the Arab region is slowing, and risks being reversed, due to an increase in conflict-affected populations and widespread economic crisis. The aim of this paper is to consider the research priorities across the region to inform effective and accelerated child marriage prevention and response programming within the Arab region. Seventy-three specialists supporting child marriage prevention and response programming in the Arab region engaged with up to three phases of an online Delphi consultation process on research gaps and the research environment between July 2019 and December 2021. Proposals of research gaps were elicited, reviewed, and rated by participants to confirm a shared learning agenda. Participants identified 50 different research gaps across 7 main areas, reaching a high level of consensus support for 23 of 50 statements. Clear consensus was reached in relation to an increased need to produce and use evidence to support programme development, and further research on specific drivers and consequences of child marriage. The least consensus was found in relation to how research can inform prevention and response efforts within the law and legal system. The results provide the foundation of a child marriage research agenda for the Arab region which takes into account regional distinctiveness and builds on the global momentum for child marriage research. Mechanisms are in place to do this through the Regional Action Forum, and other networks across the region.
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Global health studies typically characterise adolescent marriage as a fundamental risk to female wellbeing. In contrast, ethnographic research among communities 'at risk' identifies that early marriage is often viewed as an opport...
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Global health studies typically characterise adolescent marriage as a fundamental risk to female wellbeing. In contrast, ethnographic research among communities 'at risk' identifies that early marriage is often viewed as an opportunity weighed against locally feasible alternatives. Addressing this contradiction, we document perceived risks and opportunities of marriage, positioning them among wider concerns facing female adolescents in north-western Tanzania. On the basis of these data, we then provide recommendations for global efforts to end the marriage of minors. Thirteen focus groups and 26 in-depth interviews were conducted in 2019 with female adolescents, young women and men, and parents of female adolescents from a semi-urban community where adolescent marriage is normative. Data were compiled to synthesise narratives of adolescent risk and opportunity. Marriage was viewed as an opportunity for adolescent girls, bringing benefits such as increased social status. Risks sometimes outweighed benefits of marriage, but marriage remained desirable when structural constraints, like poverty, limited feasible alternatives and when adolescents faced similar risks, like pregnancy, outside of marriage. We conclude that remaining unmarried does not shield adolescents from adversity, and campaigns targeting adolescent marriage via criminalisation, without diminishing other risks of adolescence, may further limit rather than expand options for adolescent girls.
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This study assesses the causal effect of child marriage on infant mortality. Using age discontinuities in exposure to a law that raised the legal age of marriage for women in Ethiopia, the study estimates that a 1-year delay in a ...
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This study assesses the causal effect of child marriage on infant mortality. Using age discontinuities in exposure to a law that raised the legal age of marriage for women in Ethiopia, the study estimates that a 1-year delay in a woman's age at cohabitation during her teenage years reduces the probability of her first-born child dying during infancy by 3.8 percentage points. This impact is closely linked to the effect of delaying cohabitation on women's age at first birth.
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Global interest in child, early, and forced marriage and unions (CEFMU) is reflected in a large and growing body of research and interventions. Those interventions have focused on raising the minimum age of marriage, establishing ...
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Global interest in child, early, and forced marriage and unions (CEFMU) is reflected in a large and growing body of research and interventions. Those interventions have focused on raising the minimum age of marriage, establishing laws and penalties for those who ignore these minimums, investing more heavily in girls’ education, addressing structural inequalities, and bringing about gender and social norm change. Missing has been any discussion of the right to leave marriage. As we learn more about the forces that drive child marriages and unions and what works to prevent them, rare is any mention of how these marriages sometimes end and what happens when they do. Human rights standards focus on the ability to choose “if, when, and whom to marry”. We posit that without the ability to decide if and when to leave marriage, marriage cannot be considered a choice. This paper explores why the right to leave marriage matters so deeply, describes the obstacles to girls’ access to divorce and to protections after divorce or separation, and links these to the factors that drive child, early, and forced marriages and unions.
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