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The main purpose of this paper is to explore Taiwanese firms' risk behavior when investing in China. Firms' investment decision-making in relation to risk propensity may be affected by its (1) aspiration performance, (2) looming b...
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The main purpose of this paper is to explore Taiwanese firms' risk behavior when investing in China. Firms' investment decision-making in relation to risk propensity may be affected by its (1) aspiration performance, (2) looming bankruptcy, (3) sound operating resource, and/or (4) investment behavior within an industry. There is no reason to believe that a consensus of risk behavior is shared among various industry sectors. Nevertheless, little empirical evidence exists on this issue in the academic world. Apart from risks associated with globalization, firms in Taiwan, unlike those of other nations, face very high political risk owing to the cross-strait political tension with China. Past researchers have taken variables such as innovation or R&D expenditure as proxies in testing the risk behavior of firms, and yet the reliability of these two variables to represent risk behavior remains arguable. The authors use China investment as the proxy for risk behavior of firms in Taiwan to study the decision-making behavior of two groups: One group in electronic and information technology (EIT) industry and another group in the nonelectronic and information technology (nonEIT) industry. Empirical results show that (1) China investment is significantly affected by peer investment; (2) the EIT firms are more aggressive in resource utilization; and (3) R&D expenditure has a significant positive relationship with China investments in Taiwanese firms with strong past performance.
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Background: Brief reinforcement-based psychosocial interventions such as behavioral activation (BA) and behavioral economics (BE) address imbalances in the reinforcement system that are strongly implicated in substance use. The pr...
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Background: Brief reinforcement-based psychosocial interventions such as behavioral activation (BA) and behavioral economics (BE) address imbalances in the reinforcement system that are strongly implicated in substance use. The present study reviewed a growing body of intervention studies that tested the efficacy of BA or BE in addressing substance use outcomes. The study also reviewed a smaller body of evidence exploring mechanisms of action and moderators of treatment efficacy for substance use outcomes.
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Diachasmimorpha kraussii is a larval parasitoid of dacine fruit flies. Host utilisation behaviour, including field foraging behaviour, is poorly known in this species. The diurnal foraging behaviour of D. kraussii and one of its c...
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Diachasmimorpha kraussii is a larval parasitoid of dacine fruit flies. Host utilisation behaviour, including field foraging behaviour, is poorly known in this species. The diurnal foraging behaviour of D. kraussii and one of its common hosts, Bactrocera tryoni, in a nectarine orchard was concurrently recorded. Observations of mating, resting, feeding and oviposition were taken two-hourly on 42 trees, commencing at 07:00 h and terminating at 17:30 h, for 17 days. Resting and oviposition were common events within the orchard for both species, while mating behaviours were not recorded in the orchard for either species. Feeding was not observed for D. kraussii and was rare for B. tryoni. At the level of the individual tree there was a very weak, but significant correlation between parasitoid and fly abundance over a day, but when broken down to the individual observation periods the correlations were absent, or were weakly significant in an inconsistent manner (i.e. sometimes positively correlated, sometimes negatively correlated). At the orchard level, abundance of the parasitoid was not correlated with adult fly abundance. Results suggest that D. kraussii forage independently to adult B. tryoni, a result consistent with a prediction that their foraging is largely driven by larval or plant damage cues.
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Diachasmimorpha kraussii is a larval parasitoid of dacine fruit flies. Host utilisation behaviour, including field foraging behaviour, is poorly known in this species. The diurnal foraging behaviour of D. kraussii and one of its c...
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Diachasmimorpha kraussii is a larval parasitoid of dacine fruit flies. Host utilisation behaviour, including field foraging behaviour, is poorly known in this species. The diurnal foraging behaviour of D. kraussii and one of its common hosts, Bactrocera tryoni, in a nectarine orchard was concurrently recorded. Observations of mating, resting, feeding and oviposition were taken two-hourly on 42 trees, commencing at 07:00 h and terminating at 17:30 h, for 17 days. Resting and oviposition were common events within the orchard for both species, while mating behaviours were not recorded in the orchard for either species. Feeding was not observed for D. kraussii and was rare for B. tryoni. At the level of the individual tree there was a very weak, but significant correlation between parasitoid and fly abundance over a day, but when broken down to the individual observation periods the correlations were absent, or were weakly significant in an inconsistent manner (i.e. sometimes positively correlated, sometimes negatively correlated). At the orchard level, abundance of the parasitoid was not correlated with adult fly abundance. Results suggest that D. kraussii forage independently to adult B. tryoni, a result consistent with a prediction that their foraging is largely driven by larval or plant damage cues.
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Testosterone affects male sexual-, aggressive-, and parental-behaviors in bird species. To understand the breadth of the proximate contribution of testosterone to breeding behaviors in male Black-tailed Gulls Larus crassirostris, ...
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Testosterone affects male sexual-, aggressive-, and parental-behaviors in bird species. To understand the breadth of the proximate contribution of testosterone to breeding behaviors in male Black-tailed Gulls Larus crassirostris, sexual behaviors, aggressive behaviors against egg-predators and conspecifics, and chick-provisioning behavior of five testosterone-implanted males (T-males) were observed and compared with those of three control males (placebo-implanted; C-males). T-males showed significantly higher levels of courtship and copulation behaviors than C-males. The levels of aggressiveness against egg-predators and against conspecifics, and the rate of feeding of chicks did not differ between T- and C-males. These results suggest that sexual and mating behaviors in male Black-tailed Gulls may be affected by testosterone, while aggressive- and feeding-behaviors are affected by certain ecological factors, such as individual age, or a necessity for high levels of feeding by males, rather than by testosterone.
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Vacancy chains involve unique patterns of resource acquisition behaviors that determine how reusable resources are distributed through animal populations. Shell vacancy chains have been described for several hermit crab species, b...
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Vacancy chains involve unique patterns of resource acquisition behaviors that determine how reusable resources are distributed through animal populations. Shell vacancy chains have been described for several hermit crab species, both terrestrial and marine, but little is known about the ecological and behavioral dynamics of shell choice in social versus solitary contexts. Here, we present a novel conceptual framework that differentiates 2 types of shell vacancy chain in hermit crabs and discuss fundamentally distinct predictions concerning the behavioral and ecological costs and benefits associated with synchronous versus asynchronous vacancy chains. In laboratory studies of the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus, we found support for the prediction that social context alters shell acquisition behaviors. Field observations demonstrated that both synchronous and asynchronous vacancy chains are common and revealed previously undescribed waiting and piggybacking behaviors that appear to facilitate synchronous vacancy chains. Additionally, simulation results from an agent-based model showed that population density and waiting behaviors can both influence the likelihood of synchronous vacancy chains. Together, these results indicate that better understanding of hermit crab resource acquisition requires studying social behaviors, including vacancy chain formation. Key words: agent-based modeling, NETLOGO, resource acquisition, shell crowding, shell fit, shelter-based vacancy chain, social behavior, vacancy chains. [Behav Ecol 21:639-646 (2010)]
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This article presents part of phase 2 of a research project funded by the NSF-National Science Digital Library Project, which observed how academic users interact with the ScienceDirect information retrieval system for simulated c...
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This article presents part of phase 2 of a research project funded by the NSF-National Science Digital Library Project, which observed how academic users interact with the ScienceDirect information retrieval system for simulated class-related assignments. The ultimate goal of the project is twofold: (1) to find ways to improve science and engineering students' use of science e-journal systems; (2) to develop methods to measure user interaction behaviors. Process-tracing technique recorded participants' processes and interaction behaviors that are measurable; think-aloud protocol captured participants' affective and cognitive verbalizations; pre- and post-search questionnaires solicited demographic information, prior experience with the system, and comments. We explored possible relationships between affective feelings and cognitive behaviors. During search interactions both feelings and thoughts occurred frequently. Positive feelings were more common and were associated more often with thoughts about results. Negative feelings were associated more often with thoughts related to the system, search strategy, and task. Learning styles are also examined as a factor influencing behavior. Engineering graduate students with an assimilating learning style searched longer and paused less than those with a converging learning style. Further exploration of learning styles is suggested.
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This study replicated the methods of a previous review and assessed the frequency with which discussions of basic behavioral principles occurred in a sample of research and case studies published in Journal of Organizational Behav...
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This study replicated the methods of a previous review and assessed the frequency with which discussions of basic behavioral principles occurred in a sample of research and case studies published in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management. A total of 127 research and case studies published between 2006 and 2015 were reviewed; 67 included a discussion of behavioral principles. The percentage of research articles and case studies discussing behavioral principles was higher than that found in previous research. The most frequently described principle was reinforcement. Our findings also documented a higher percentage of laboratory studies discussed behavioral principles.
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This study examined the role of narcissism in health-risk and health-protective behaviors in a sample of 365 undergraduate students. Regression analyses were used to test the influence of narcissism on health behaviors. Narcissism...
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This study examined the role of narcissism in health-risk and health-protective behaviors in a sample of 365 undergraduate students. Regression analyses were used to test the influence of narcissism on health behaviors. Narcissism was positively predictive of alcohol use, marijuana use, and risky driving behaviors, and it was associated with an increased likelihood of consistently having a healthy eating pattern. Narcissism was also positively predictive of physical activity. Results are discussed with reference to the potential short-term and long-term health implications and the need for future research on the factors involved in the relationship between narcissism and health behaviors.
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Abstract There are limited resources outlining age‐referenced rates of problem behavior displayed by neurotypical children. Such information is important for practitioners as a basis for social comparison when they are targeting ...
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Abstract There are limited resources outlining age‐referenced rates of problem behavior displayed by neurotypical children. Such information is important for practitioners as a basis for social comparison when they are targeting behavior reduction goals for neurodivergent clients. We distributed a survey to parents of children aged 1–10?years without a developmental diagnosis in which parents reported frequency of five problem behaviors across a 24‐h period, as well as commonly targeted replacement behaviors. Problem behavior was reported across all age groups to varying degrees based on topography and age. Replacement behaviors, such as waiting and tolerating denials generally improved as children increased in age but still largely remained below 80% of opportunities. The present study may serve as a reference for researchers and clinicians to set goals that are developmentally appropriate.
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